Noman Ahmad Mujtaba, Sultan Muhammad Tauseef, Mazhar Aimen, Khan Waqas Ahmad, Imran Muhammad, Hussain Muzzamal, Mostafa Ehab M, El-Ghorab Ahmed H, Ghoneim Mohammed M, Selim Samy, Abdelgawad Mohamed A, Al Jbawi Entessar, Alsagaby Suliman A, Al Abdulmonem Waleed
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan.
TIMES Institute Multan Pakistan.
Food Sci Nutr. 2025 Aug 3;13(8):e70727. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70727. eCollection 2025 Aug.
The aura of the 21st century has been transformed due to a revolutionized health care system and modern industrial applications. However, human health and well-being are still a global challenge, affected by various metabolic and pathological morbidities, causing millions of mortalities. Cancer is one of the leading causes of fatalities globally, occurring due to pathogens, dietary factors, environmental toxins, occupational chemical exposure, and radiation. These factors lead to oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, DNA damage, epigenetic and genetic mutations, cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and other chronic metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal problems, and hepato-renal syndrome. Among various types of cancers, lung cancer is leading them all, followed by breast and colorectal cancer (CRC). The oncogenesis includes activation of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), resulting in overexpression of oncogenes, downregulation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) like p53, pRb, APC, PTEN, suppression of antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT, SOD), and activation of signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB, Ras/MAPK). However, plant-based herbal medicine is a valuable, affordable, and available management approach to reduce the risks of oncogenesis and other ailments. The bioactive compounds of these herbs make them an effective way to reduce inflammation, cancer, and the risk of other health problems. Eugenol (Eug), a volatile phenolic bioactive compound with a formula of C10H12O2, has been reported to have anticancer, antidiabetic, cardio- and pulmonary protective roles. Moreover, it can improve gut health and prevent neurodegenerative disorders. According to WHO, the safe dose of eugenol is 2.5 mg/kg for consumption. The current review focuses on the anticancer potential and other pharmacological aspects of eugenol through possible mechanisms.
由于一场变革性的医疗保健系统和现代工业应用，21世纪的面貌已发生改变。然而，人类健康和福祉仍然是一项全球性挑战，受到各种代谢和病理疾病的影响，导致数百万人死亡。癌症是全球主要死因之一，其发生是由病原体、饮食因素、环境毒素、职业化学暴露和辐射引起的。这些因素会导致氧化应激（OS）、炎症、DNA损伤、表观遗传和基因突变、细胞增殖、肿瘤发生以及其他慢性代谢紊乱，如糖尿病、心血管疾病、胃肠道问题和肝肾综合征。在各种类型的癌症中，肺癌位居榜首，其次是乳腺癌和结直肠癌（CRC）。肿瘤发生包括促炎标志物（IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α）的激活，导致癌基因过度表达，肿瘤抑制基因（TSG）如p53、pRb、APC、PTEN下调，抗氧化酶（GSH、CAT、SOD）受抑制，以及信号通路（PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB、Ras/MAPK）激活。然而，基于植物的草药是一种有价值、可负担且可获得的管理方法，可降低肿瘤发生和其他疾病的风险。这些草药的生物活性化合物使其成为减轻炎症、癌症和其他健康问题风险的有效方法。丁香酚（Eug）是一种挥发性酚类生物活性化合物，分子式为C10H12O2，据报道具有抗癌、抗糖尿病、心脏和肺部保护作用。此外，它还可以改善肠道健康并预防神经退行性疾病。据世界卫生组织称，丁香酚的安全食用剂量为2.5毫克/千克。本综述通过可能的机制重点探讨丁香酚的抗癌潜力和其他药理学方面。
