Paray Bilal Ahamad, Bhat Eijaz Ahmed, Fawole Olaolu O, Umma Samuel B, Adeshina Ibrahim
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Microbiology/Molecular Physiology of Prokaryotes, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
Aquac Nutr. 2025 Jul 29;2025:1989752. doi: 10.1155/anu/1989752. eCollection 2025.
commonly attacks fish gills, which can swiftly infect entire fish stocks and cause both biological and monetary losses. The most popular treatment for infestations in fish farms is chemotherapy; however, these drugs can have major side effects and are expensive. Novel and ecologically friendly treatments are necessary to treat and control such parasite infestations in fish. Our study examined the use of an herbal leaf mixture extract of , , , and (EML) as a functional feed supplement to manage this possible parasite infection. We prepared five distinct isonitrogenous diets (400 g/kg crude protein [CP]) supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g EML/kg. Juveniles of ♀ × ♂ (heteroclarias, mean weight = 14.5 g) were fed with designated feed six times a day for 56 days until they seemed satisfied. Followed by a 14-day exposure to (NCBI: txid905034; 40 individuals/L of water), fish in each treatment were monitored closely for any clinical symptoms and mortality. Fish fed EML-enriched diets showed significantly ( < 0.05) improved growth performance, showing trend in a dose-dependent order with an optimum value of 5.94 g EML/kg. Intestinal histomorphometry, digesta pH, viscosity, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were significantly higher ( < 0.05) in EML-fed fish in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, an enhanced hematological profile was noticed in fish fed on enriched diet, while urea (UREA), creatinine (CREAT), glucose (GLU), and cholesterol (CHOL) levels decreased in fish fed diets supplemented with EML levels than the control ( < 0.05). Antioxidant status and immune response were promoted in fish fed fortified diet ( < 0.05). Postinfestation survival was highest at 8 g EML/kg (80.00%) compared to control (47.50%). The study concluded that EML improved the hemato-biochemical profile and growth performance of heteroclarias without having any major negative effects, as well as protection against infestation with an optimum level of 5.94 g/kg. This study is the first to report the use of a standardized herbal leaf mixture extract (EML) comprising , , , and as a practical and functional dietary supplement for the management of infestation in heteroclarias, documenting novel evidence of the dual role of EML in promoting growth performance and enhancing improving postinfestation survival.
通常会侵袭鱼鳃，能迅速感染整个鱼群，造成生物和经济损失。养鱼场中最常用的寄生虫感染治疗方法是化疗；然而，这些药物可能有严重的副作用且价格昂贵。需要新颖且生态友好的治疗方法来治疗和控制鱼类的此类寄生虫感染。我们的研究考察了使用由[植物名称1]、[植物名称2]、[植物名称3]和[植物名称4]组成的草药叶混合物提取物（EML）作为功能性饲料添加剂来应对这种可能的寄生虫感染。我们制备了五种不同的等氮日粮（粗蛋白含量为400 g/kg [CP]），分别添加0、2、4、6或8 g EML/kg。用♀×♂（杂交胡子鲶，平均体重 = 14.5 g）的幼鱼每天投喂指定饲料6次，持续56天，直到它们看起来饱足。之后让鱼暴露于[寄生虫名称]（NCBI：txid905034；每升水40条个体）14天，密切监测各处理组鱼的任何临床症状和死亡率。喂食富含EML日粮的鱼生长性能显著提高（P < 0.05），呈剂量依赖性趋势，最佳值为5.94 g EML/kg。喂食EML的鱼的肠道组织形态学、消化物pH值、粘度和短链脂肪酸（SCFA）以剂量依赖性方式显著更高（P < 0.05）。此外，喂食强化日粮的鱼血液学指标增强，而喂食添加EML水平日粮的鱼的尿素（UREA）、肌酐（CREAT）、葡萄糖（GLU）和胆固醇（CHOL）水平比对照组降低（P < 0.05）。喂食强化日粮的鱼的抗氧化状态和免疫反应得到促进（P < 0.05）。感染后存活率在8 g EML/kg时最高（80.00%），而对照组为47.50%。该研究得出结论，EML改善了杂交胡子鲶的血液生化指标和生长性能，且无任何重大负面影响，同时在最佳水平为5.94 g/kg时能抵御[寄生虫名称]感染。本研究首次报道使用由[植物名称1]、[植物名称2]、[植物名称3]和[植物名称4]组成的标准化草药叶混合物提取物（EML）作为管理杂交胡子鲶[寄生虫名称]感染的实用且功能性日粮添加剂，记录了EML在促进生长性能和提高感染后存活率方面双重作用的新证据。
