Alkasasbeh Walaa Jumah, Akroush Sofia Hwaishel
Program of Sports Management and Training, Department of Administration and Curriculum, Faculty of Arts and Educational Sciences, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan.
Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Salt, Jordan.
Front Psychol. 2025 Aug 4;16:1645274. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645274. eCollection 2025.
This narrative review examines the impact of psychological motivation on athletic performance by exploring the relationship between intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM), and their respective effects on athletes. The primary aim is to understand how different types of motivation influence performance across various sports and to highlight the role coaches play in enhancing athlete motivation. The review draws on 97 studies published between 2001 and 2024, sourced from reputable academic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Included studies specifically addressed the effects of IM and EM on athletic performance and the influence of coaching strategies. Studies unrelated to sports performance or motivation were excluded. Findings indicate that intrinsic motivation rooted in personal goals, enjoyment, and self-determination has a more sustained and profound impact on athletic performance, promoting long-term commitment and continuous improvement. In contrast, extrinsic motivation driven by rewards, recognition, or social pressure tends to produce short-term gains but lacks enduring influence. The review underscores the pivotal role of coaches in fostering motivation by providing individualized feedback, cultivating a supportive and positive environment, and recognizing athlete efforts. Furthermore, a comparison between individual and team sports suggests that IM is more prevalent and influential in individual sports, whereas EM and social reinforcement play a larger role in team-based settings. The review concludes that a strategic combination of intrinsic motivation, external reinforcement, and a supportive social climate is essential for sustained athletic success. Coaches and sports programs should integrate these elements when designing motivational approaches tailored to their athletes' needs.
本叙述性综述通过探讨内在动机（IM）和外在动机（EM）之间的关系及其对运动员的各自影响，研究心理动机对运动表现的影响。主要目的是了解不同类型的动机如何影响各类运动项目的表现，并突出教练在增强运动员动机方面所起的作用。该综述借鉴了2001年至2024年间发表的97项研究，这些研究来自谷歌学术、PubMed、Scopus和PsycINFO等知名学术数据库。纳入的研究专门探讨了内在动机和外在动机对运动表现的影响以及教练策略的影响。与运动表现或动机无关的研究被排除在外。研究结果表明，源于个人目标、享受和自我决定的内在动机对运动表现具有更持久、更深远的影响，能促进长期投入和持续进步。相比之下，由奖励、认可或社会压力驱动的外在动机往往能带来短期收益，但缺乏持久影响。该综述强调了教练在通过提供个性化反馈、营造支持性和积极的环境以及认可运动员的努力来培养动机方面的关键作用。此外，对个人运动和团队运动的比较表明，内在动机在个人运动中更为普遍且更具影响力，而外在动机和社会强化在团队环境中发挥着更大的作用。该综述得出结论，内在动机、外部强化和支持性社会氛围的战略组合对于持续的运动成功至关重要。教练和体育项目在设计符合运动员需求的激励方法时应整合这些要素。
