In situ atomic-resolution imaging of water vapor-driven multistep oxidation dynamics in strontium cobaltite.

Understanding how water vapor interacts with transition metal oxides (TMOs) is critical for tailoring material properties to improve performance and enable new technologies. Despite extensive research efforts, atomic-scale mechanisms underpinning dynamic reactions and reaction-induced phase transitions remain elusive. Here, we use in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy to investigate how water vapor oxidizes vacancy-ordered SrCoO at moderately elevated temperatures, demonstrating that water molecules can initiate oxidation more effectively than oxygen under comparable conditions. We discover a distinct "staging" behavior during the oxidation process: A fully ordered intermediate phase, SrCoO, forms before transitioning into a near-perovskite SrCoO. In addition, antiphase boundaries, originating at step terraces of SrTiO, alleviate strain by creating reversible nanoscale "gaps" during lattice contraction under oxidation, providing a pathway for preserving structural integrity throughout redox cycling. This work provides atomic-level guidance for engineering TMOs by leveraging water vapor to control their redox behavior and tailor functional properties.