Genome analyses and breeding of polyploid crops.

Polyploidization is a common and important evolutionary process in the plant kingdom. Compared with diploid plant species, the intricate genome architecture of polyploid plant species presents substantial challenges in applying multi-omics approaches for crop breeding improvement. In this Review, we summarize the current techniques for analysing polyploid genomes, including constructing reference genomes and pan-genomes, and detecting variants. We also assess findings related to polyploid genome architecture, population genetics and breeding programmes, highlighting advanced techniques in the breeding of polyploid crops. Finally, we explore the challenges and demands posed by polyploid genome complexity during analysis with available biotechnological tools. This Review emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive understanding of polyploid genomic features for the further genetic improvement of polyploid crops.