Tsurumi Kosuke, Fujiwara Hironobu, Uwatoko Teruhisa, Murai Toshiya
Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihombashi, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan.
BMC Psychol. 2025 Sep 1;13(1):995. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03325-4.
Although vaccination has significantly contributed to controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, a high risk of side effects has resulted in vaccination hesitancy. Nevertheless, as COVID-19 has become common but still has a severe impact on vulnerable people, we might need to follow a long-term vaccination routine. Therefore, elucidating the characteristics of individuals who may exhibit either vulnerability or resilience to the side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccinations is of the utmost importance for the vaccination plan against COVID-19.
Self-reported data on demographics, physical health, addictive lifestyle habits, mental health, and side effects were collected online. For 998 participants who received two vaccination doses, we performed repeated measures ANOVA, including side effects scores as dependent variables and individual characteristics as independent variables.
We found interactions between vaccine dose and history of suspected lifestyle diseases (F = 4.460, p = 0.012) or trait anxiety (F = 5.548, p = 0.019). Besides the aggregation of side effects after the second dose compared to the first dose, we found that increased side effects after vaccination were associated with specific personal factors: younger age (F = 18.973, p = 0.000), female sex (F = 34.507, p = 0.000), low BMI (F = 4.205, p = 0.015), no history of "specific health guidance" (F = 5.004, p = 0.007) or smoking (F = 9.123, p = 0.003) or drinking (F = 3.335, p = 0.036), and higher levels of depressive symptoms (F = 15.134, p = 0.000) or trait anxiety (F = 26.350, p = 0.000).
Physical characteristics and lifestyle habits linked with intact immune function enhanced side effects, whereas psychological characteristics linked with impaired immune function also enhanced side effects. These seemingly contradictory results could be explained at least partly by nocebo effects and suggest the need for psychological support for people with high levels of depressive symptoms or trait anxiety. Furthermore, interaction results imply that such support might be especially beneficial to those who are young and unaffected by lifestyle diseases while simultaneously showing high trait anxiety.
尽管疫苗接种对控制2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）感染做出了重大贡献，但副作用的高风险导致了疫苗接种犹豫。然而，由于COVID-19已变得常见，但仍对弱势群体产生严重影响，我们可能需要遵循长期的疫苗接种程序。因此，阐明可能对COVID-19疫苗接种相关副作用表现出易感性或恢复力的个体特征，对于COVID-19疫苗接种计划至关重要。
通过在线收集有关人口统计学、身体健康、成瘾性生活习惯、心理健康和副作用的自我报告数据。对于998名接受两剂疫苗接种的参与者，我们进行了重复测量方差分析，将副作用评分作为因变量，个体特征作为自变量。
我们发现疫苗接种剂量与疑似生活方式疾病史（F = 4.460，p = 0.012）或特质焦虑（F = 5.548，p = 0.019）之间存在交互作用。除了第二剂疫苗接种后副作用比第一剂疫苗接种后更集中外，我们还发现接种疫苗后副作用增加与特定个人因素有关：年龄较小（F = 18.973，p = 0.000）、女性（F = 34.507，p = 0.000）、低体重指数（F = 4.205，p = 0.015）、无“特定健康指导”史（F = 5.004，p = 0.007）或吸烟史（F = 9.123，p = 0.003）或饮酒史（F = 3.335，p = 0.036），以及更高水平的抑郁症状（F = 15.134，p = 0.000）或特质焦虑（F = 26.350，p = 0.000）。
与完整免疫功能相关的身体特征和生活习惯会增强副作用，而与受损免疫功能相关的心理特征也会增强副作用。这些看似矛盾的结果至少可以部分地用反安慰剂效应来解释，并表明需要为抑郁症状或特质焦虑水平较高的人提供心理支持。此外，交互作用结果表明，这种支持可能对那些年轻且未受生活方式疾病影响但同时特质焦虑水平较高的人特别有益。
