Chernozub Andrii, Aloshyna Alla, Korobeynikov Georgiy, Koval Vadym, Havrylov Yurii, Sherstiuk Liudmyla, Potop Vladimir, Timnea-Florescu Consuela Andreea, Timnea Olivia Carmen
Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine.
The Scientific Research Center of Modern Kinesiology, Ujhorod, Ukraine.
PeerJ. 2025 Aug 28;13:e19844. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19844. eCollection 2025.
This study aims to assess the resistance level of beginner bodybuilders of mature and elderly age to strength training performed under anaerobic energy supply modes (creatine phosphokinase and glycolysis).
The study involved 60 men who had been engaged in bodybuilding for only 12 months. Group A included men aged 24 ± 1.5 years (early mature age), group B consisted of men aged 40 ± 2.1 years (late mature age), and group C comprised men aged 58 ± 1.6 years (elderly). An integral method of quantitative assessment of power loads was used to determine 1 repetitions maximum (RM) and load parameters for each anaerobic energy supply mode. Resistance levels were evaluated based on adaptive-compensatory responses to training stimuli, using heart rate variability (HRV) and biochemical blood markers (creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), testosterone, cortisol).
Pre-exercise results showed that participants in groups A and C exhibited more tense heart rhythm regulation, with autonomic balance shifted toward sympathetic dominance. Group B showed creatine phosphokinase activity in the blood that was twice as high as in the other groups. Cortisol levels in group C were on average 17.6% higher than in groups A and B. Post-exercise results under the creatine phosphokinase energy supply mode revealed increased autonomic regulation and decreased sympathetic tone in groups B and C. In contrast, Group A showed heightened heart rate regulation tension (standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) -38.5%) and increased central sinus rhythm regulation (very low frequency (VLF) +34.3%). In groups B and C, creatine phosphate was the primary energy source, while in group A, due to insufficient creatine phosphate reserves, muscle glycogen was additionally utilized, leading to increased blood LDH (+94.7%) and cortisol (+133.2%). Under the anaerobic glycolysis mode, groups A and B showed increased vagal influence on the sinus node, while group C exhibited increased sympathetic tone (low frequency (LF) +11.4%) and reduced autonomic regulation (high frequency (HF) -5.9%). In group A, only LDH activity increased (+90.2%) compared to rest. Cortisol levels decreased significantly in groups A (-21.0%) and C (-12.4%), indicating activation of compensatory mechanisms.
The findings underscore the need to develop tailored load adjustment strategies for mature and elderly individuals beginning bodybuilding. Load regimes should consider individual strength capacities and adaptive reserves. The use of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood biochemical markers is validated as an informative approach for assessing resistance to training-induced stress.
本研究旨在评估成熟及老年初学者健美运动员在无氧能量供应模式（肌酸磷酸激酶和糖酵解）下进行力量训练的抵抗水平。
该研究纳入了60名仅从事过12个月健美运动的男性。A组包括年龄为24±1.5岁的男性（早成熟期），B组由年龄为40±2.1岁的男性组成（晚成熟期），C组包括年龄为58±1.6岁的男性（老年组）。采用力量负荷定量评估的积分法来确定每种无氧能量供应模式下的1次最大重复量（1RM）和负荷参数。基于对训练刺激的适应性补偿反应，使用心率变异性（HRV）和血液生化标志物（肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、睾酮、皮质醇）来评估抵抗水平。
运动前结果显示，A组和C组参与者的心律调节更为紧张，自主神经平衡向交感神经占优势转变。B组血液中的肌酸磷酸激酶活性是其他组的两倍。C组的皮质醇水平平均比A组和B组高17.6%。在肌酸磷酸激酶能量供应模式下的运动后结果显示，B组和C组的自主调节增加，交感神经张力降低。相比之下，A组的心率调节紧张度增加（RR间期标准差（SDNN）-38.5%），中央窦律调节增加（极低频（VLF）+34.3%）。在B组和C组中，磷酸肌酸是主要能量来源，而在A组中，由于磷酸肌酸储备不足，额外利用了肌肉糖原，导致血液中LDH增加（+94.7%）和皮质醇增加（+133.2%）。在无氧糖酵解模式下，A组和B组对窦房结的迷走神经影响增加，而C组表现出交感神经张力增加（低频（LF）+11.4%）和自主调节降低（高频（HF）-5.9%）。与休息时相比，A组仅LDH活性增加（+90.2%）。A组（-21.0%）和C组（-12.4%）的皮质醇水平显著降低，表明补偿机制被激活。
研究结果强调了为开始进行健美运动的成熟和老年人制定量身定制的负荷调整策略的必要性。负荷方案应考虑个体的力量能力和适应性储备。心率变异性（HRV）和血液生化标志物的使用被证实是评估对训练诱导应激的抵抗力的一种信息丰富的方法。
