Ayub Anjuman, Wani Atif Khurshid, Malik Suhaib Mohd, Ayub Mehvish, Singh Reena, Chopra Chirag, Malik Tabarak
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, India.
Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2025 Aug 12;47:e00913. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00913. eCollection 2025 Sep.
Green synthesis is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to nanoparticle production using biological sources such as plant extracts and microorganisms. Unlike traditional chemical methods, it aligns with green chemistry principles by reducing toxic reagents, minimizing waste, and lowering environmental impact. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have shown great potential, especially in biomedicine, for targeted drug delivery, antimicrobial treatments, and imaging applications. Their properties can be finely tuned by controlling size, shape, and composition, supporting applications across electronics, healthcare, and environmental engineering. Characterization techniques are essential for analyzing their structural and functional attributes. However, challenges remain in terms of scalability, reproducibility, and lack of standardized synthesis protocols. The aim of this review is to explore recent advances in green nanoparticle synthesis, evaluate key mechanisms, highlight biomedical and environmental applications, and discuss current limitations. The review also emphasizes future directions and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock the full potential of green nanotechnology.
绿色合成是一种使用植物提取物和微生物等生物来源生产纳米颗粒的环保且可持续的方法。与传统化学方法不同，它通过减少有毒试剂、最大限度减少废物和降低环境影响，符合绿色化学原则。绿色合成的纳米颗粒已显示出巨大潜力，尤其是在生物医学领域，可用于靶向药物递送、抗菌治疗和成像应用。通过控制尺寸、形状和组成，可以对其性质进行精细调整，从而支持在电子、医疗保健和环境工程等领域的应用。表征技术对于分析其结构和功能属性至关重要。然而，在可扩展性、可重复性以及缺乏标准化合成方案方面仍然存在挑战。本综述的目的是探索绿色纳米颗粒合成的最新进展，评估关键机制，突出生物医学和环境应用，并讨论当前的局限性。该综述还强调了未来的方向以及跨学科合作以释放绿色纳米技术全部潜力的必要性。
