Makaruk Hubert, Webster E Kipling, Porter Jared, Makaruk Beata, Bodasińska Anna, Zieliński Janusz, Tomaszewski Paweł, Nogal Marta, Starzak Marcin, Śliwa Marcin, Banaś Michał, Biegajło Michał, Chaliburda Agata, Suchecki Bogusz, Molik Bartosz, Sadowski Jerzy
Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
Front Sports Act Living. 2025 Aug 21;7:1632930. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1632930. eCollection 2025.
Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are essential for fostering physical literacy, supporting talent development, and promoting public health in school-aged populations. This study aimed to evaluate FMS proficiency among students in school-based sports physical education (PE) programs, which offer sport-specific training, and compare it to students in traditional PE programs. A secondary aim was to examine whether these programs promote early specialization or early diversification in youth sport development.
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 1,332 students (ages 10-14; 58% boys) from 12 schools across Poland, including 547 students in school-based sports PE programs and 785 in traditional PE. The Fundamental Motor Skills in Sport (FUS) test, a qualitative and process-oriented assessment tool, was used to evaluate FMS across six motor tasks: hurdles, jumping rope, forward roll, ball bouncing, ball throwing and catching, and kicking and stopping a ball. Participants were further categorized by sport: boys into basketball, track and field, soccer, and volleyball; girls into basketball, track and field, and volleyball.
Overall, FMS proficiency was at an "insufficient" level in both groups, with 72% of boys and 77% of girls in school-based sports PE programs, and 90% of boys and 92% of girls in traditional PE programs. Additionally, the analysis revealed a predominant emphasis on early specialization within school-based sports PE programs.
Both school-based sports and traditional PE programs fail to ensure adequate FMS proficiency in students. The sport PE programs' curricular focus on early specialization over diversification may further restrict opportunities for motor competence development, with potential consequences for lifelong physical activity and the early stages of talent development.
基本运动技能（FMS）对于培养学龄儿童的身体素养、支持天赋发展和促进公众健康至关重要。本研究旨在评估参与提供特定运动训练的校内体育课程的学生的FMS熟练程度，并将其与参与传统体育课程的学生进行比较。第二个目的是研究这些课程是否促进青少年体育发展中的早期专项化或早期多样化。
对来自波兰12所学校的1332名学生（年龄10 - 14岁；58%为男孩）进行了横断面分析，其中包括547名参与校内体育课程的学生和785名参与传统体育课程的学生。使用运动中的基本运动技能（FUS）测试，这是一种定性且注重过程的评估工具，来评估六项运动任务的FMS：跨栏、跳绳、前滚翻、拍球、投接球以及踢球和停球。参与者还按运动项目进一步分类：男孩分为篮球、田径、足球和排球；女孩分为篮球、田径和排球。
总体而言，两组学生的FMS熟练程度均处于“不足”水平，参与校内体育课程的学生中72%的男孩和77%的女孩，以及参与传统体育课程的学生中90%的男孩和92%的女孩。此外，分析显示校内体育课程主要强调早期专项化。
校内体育课程和传统体育课程都未能确保学生具备足够的FMS熟练程度。体育课程在课程设置上侧重于早期专项化而非多样化，这可能会进一步限制运动能力发展的机会，对终身体育活动和天赋发展的早期阶段产生潜在影响。
