Silvestri Fioretta, Campanella Matteo, Marcelli Lorenzo, Ferrari Dafne, Gallotta Maria Chiara, Hamdi Faten, Albuquerque Maicon Rodrigues, Bertollo Maurizio, Curzi Davide
Department of Humanities, Movement and Education Sciences, University "Niccolò Cusano", 00166 Rome, Italy.
Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy.
J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025 Mar 1;10(1):85. doi: 10.3390/jfmk10010085.
: The characteristics of open- and closed-skill sports can have a significant impact on the development of both motor and cognitive functions during late childhood and early adolescence. This study examined the impact of artistic gymnastics and soccer practice on physical/coordinative skills and executive functions in preadolescent female athletes. : Gross-motor coordination (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder battery), explosive lower limb power (countermovement jump) and executive functions (Flanker/Reverse Flanker; Digit Span) of ninety-eight soccer and gymnastics athletes (10.9 ± 0.6 years of age) were tested at the beginning and the end of a sports season. A -test and a mixed linear method were used to detect differences between sports and expertise levels (amateur vs. elite) at baseline and over time, respectively. : Gymnasts scored higher in physical tests compared to soccer athletes, who obtained better scores in the Digit Span test. Elite gymnasts showed higher physical skills compared to both amateur gymnasts and elite soccer players, with executive function levels comparable to those of amateur gymnasts. Similarly, elite soccer players showed higher reaction time in executive functions tests compared to both elite gymnasts and amateur soccer athletes, with similar physical skills as amateur soccer players. Amateur gymnastics and soccer athletes showed similar levels of physical and cognitive skills. All groups improved their physical and executive function skills over time, with relevant effects of expertise level on physical tasks. : Results revealed the impact of sport type and athletes' level of expertise in influencing both their motor and cognitive development.
开放技能和封闭技能运动的特点会对儿童晚期和青少年早期运动和认知功能的发展产生重大影响。本研究考察了艺术体操和足球训练对青春期前女性运动员身体/协调技能和执行功能的影响。对98名足球和体操运动员（10.9±0.6岁）在一个运动赛季开始和结束时进行了大肌肉协调能力（儿童身体协调测试组）、下肢爆发力（纵跳）和执行功能（侧抑制/反向侧抑制；数字广度）测试。分别使用A检验和混合线性方法来检测运动项目和专业水平（业余与精英）在基线和随时间变化的差异。与足球运动员相比，体操运动员在体能测试中得分更高，足球运动员在数字广度测试中得分更高。与业余体操运动员和精英足球运动员相比，精英体操运动员表现出更高的身体技能，其执行功能水平与业余体操运动员相当。同样，与精英体操运动员和业余足球运动员相比，精英足球运动员在执行功能测试中表现出更长的反应时间，其身体技能与业余足球运动员相似。业余体操和足球运动员在身体和认知技能方面表现出相似的水平。随着时间的推移，所有组的身体和执行功能技能都有所提高，专业水平对体能任务有显著影响。结果揭示了运动类型和运动员专业水平对其运动和认知发展的影响。
