Xu Weiqiang, Trybulski Robert, Luo Le, Trybek Grzegorz, Moska Waldemar, Liu Yufei, Clemente Filipe Manuel
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland.
J Sports Sci Med. 2025 Sep 1;24(3):603-612. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2025.603. eCollection 2025 Sep.
This study investigated perceived exertion (RPE) differences among soccer players at two competitive levels - Tier 2 (trained) and Tier 3 (highly trained) - during small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), while controlling for internal physiological load using percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRreserve). Seventy-seven male university players from the China University Football Association participated (Tier 2: n = 37; Tier 3: n = 40). Each player underwent a fitness assessment to determine HRmax and HRrest, followed by four randomized training sessions: 5v5 SSGs, 1v1 SSGs, long HIIT, and short HIIT. Heart rate was continuously monitored, and players reported RPE using the Borg CR10 scale immediately post-session. A linear mixed-effects model was used, with competitive level and training format as fixed effects, and %HRreserve included as a statistical covariate. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between training format and competitive level (F(3, 224.761) = 3.20, p = .024), indicating that the influence of training format on RPE varied by competitive level. A significant main effect of training format was also found (F(3, 234.484) = 11.24, p < .001). Specifically, Tier 3 players reported higher RPE during short HIIT than Tier 2 players (p = .002). Both groups reported lower RPE during 5v5 SSGs compared to 1v1 SSGs and HIIT formats (all p ≤ .003). These findings show that training format influences RPE in a format- and tier-specific manner, even when accounting for internal physiological load. For coaches and sports scientists, larger-sided SSGs may be useful to reduce perceived exertion while maintaining cardiovascular demand. Future research should include elite players and assess psychological and physiological mediators to better understand the complex drivers of perceived effort.
本研究调查了两个竞技水平（二级（训练有素）和三级（训练水平高））的足球运动员在小型比赛（SSG）和高强度间歇训练（HIIT）期间的主观用力程度（RPE）差异，同时使用心率储备百分比（%HR储备）来控制内部生理负荷。来自中国大学生足球协会的77名男性大学生球员参与了研究（二级：n = 37；三级：n = 40）。每位球员都进行了体能评估以确定最大心率（HRmax）和静息心率（HRrest），随后进行了四次随机训练课程：5对5小型比赛、1对1小型比赛、长时间HIIT和短时间HIIT。持续监测心率，球员在训练结束后立即使用Borg CR10量表报告RPE。使用线性混合效应模型，将竞技水平和训练形式作为固定效应，并将%HR储备作为统计协变量纳入。分析显示训练形式和竞技水平之间存在显著交互作用（F(3, 224.761) = 3.20，p = .024），表明训练形式对RPE的影响因竞技水平而异。还发现了训练形式的显著主效应（F(3, 234.484) = 11.24，p < .001）。具体而言，三级球员在短时间HIIT期间报告的RPE高于二级球员（p = .002）。与1对1小型比赛和HIIT形式相比，两组球员在5对5小型比赛期间报告的RPE都较低（所有p ≤ .003）。这些发现表明，即使考虑到内部生理负荷，训练形式也会以特定形式和级别的方式影响RPE。对于教练和运动科学家来说，更大规模的小型比赛可能有助于在维持心血管需求的同时降低主观用力程度。未来的研究应纳入精英球员，并评估心理和生理调节因素，以更好地理解主观用力的复杂驱动因素。
