Herzberg M, Nash P, Hino S
Infect Immun. 1972 Jan;5(1):83-90. doi: 10.1128/iai.5.1.83-90.1972.
Killed vaccines, deoxycholate-extracted or heated, were shown to induce an effective degree of immunity which protected against death (100%), prevented extensive multiplication, and left the mice with low residual salmonella populations in spleen and liver after intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) challenge with virulent Salmonella typhimurium. Protection was most effective against the ip challenge route and less effective against the iv route. A study of the kinetics of the population of bacteria in the spleens and livers of immunized animals showed that after ip challenge there was an initial reduction of 99% at 6 hr after challenge, maintenance of levels of less than 10(3) bacteria per organ, and a final population of 10(2) to 10(3) per organ at 21 days. With iv challenge, after an initial reduction of 90% at 6 hr, growth ensued to levels above 10(6) bacteria per organ until 8 days, followed by a steady decline yielding residual populations of 10(3) to 10(4) in some cases. Organ hypertrophy correlated with bacterial population. Morbidity was prevented (as measured by gain in body weight) by immunization against ip challenge but not against iv challenge. Killed vaccines protected by their ability to induce an immune state which reduced the initial challenge population, prevented extensive multiplication, yet allowed "cellular immunity" to develop due to response to the living challenge infection itself. The consequence was a low-level carrier state similar to that induced by recovery from sublethal virulent infection.
经脱氧胆酸盐提取或加热处理的灭活疫苗，已证明能诱导产生有效的免疫程度，可提供致死保护（100%），防止细菌大量繁殖，并且在用强毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行静脉注射（iv）或腹腔注射（ip）攻击后，使小鼠脾脏和肝脏中的沙门氏菌残留量较低。这种保护作用对腹腔注射攻击途径最为有效，对静脉注射途径的效果则较差。一项关于免疫动物脾脏和肝脏中细菌群体动力学的研究表明，腹腔注射攻击后，攻击后6小时细菌数量最初减少99%，每个器官细菌数量维持在低于10³的水平，21天时每个器官的最终细菌数量为10²至10³。静脉注射攻击时，攻击后6小时细菌数量最初减少90%，随后细菌数量增长至每个器官超过10⁶的水平，直至8天，之后数量稳步下降，在某些情况下残留量为10³至10⁴。器官肥大与细菌数量相关。通过免疫可防止腹腔注射攻击引起的发病（以体重增加衡量），但不能防止静脉注射攻击引起的发病。灭活疫苗通过诱导免疫状态发挥保护作用，这种免疫状态可减少初始攻击的细菌数量，防止大量繁殖，但由于对活的攻击感染本身产生反应，仍能使“细胞免疫”得以发展。其结果是产生一种低水平的携带状态，类似于从亚致死性强毒感染中恢复所诱导的状态。
