Teuber H L
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1972;32(2):615-56.
In attempting to summarize recent work on functions of granular prefrontal cortex in primates, including man, and possible homologues of these structures in rodents and carnivores, four question need to be asked, the questions of 'where', 'when', 'what' and 'how'. Progress since the Pennsylvania Symposium has been considerable for questions of 'where' and 'when': localization of symptoms ('where') fields a double gradient (up-down and back-to-front) in monkeys, and a right-left difference in man; analysis of time factors ('when') distinguishes early and late lesions, single and serial removals, or succeeds in recording and stimulating at critical moments during performance. However, problems of 'what' and 'how' are still largely unsolved: we do not yet know what various prefrontal symptoms sigify, in terms of normal function, and are only beginning to see how individual prefrontal neurons act and interact. Advances on these questions are likely if one exploits an extended version of those hypotheses about prefrontal physiology that attribute to these structures neither purely sensory nor purely motor functions but consider them instead as sources of 'corollary discharges' whereby the organism presets its sensory systems for the anticipated consequences of its own action.
在尝试总结有关灵长类动物（包括人类）颗粒状前额叶皮层功能以及啮齿动物和食肉动物中这些结构的可能同源物的近期研究工作时，需要提出四个问题，即“何处”“何时”“何事”和“如何”的问题。自宾夕法尼亚研讨会以来，在“何处”和“何时”的问题上取得了相当大的进展：症状定位（“何处”）在猴子中呈现出双重梯度（上下和前后），而在人类中存在左右差异；时间因素分析（“何时”）区分早期和晚期损伤、单次和连续切除，或者成功地在行为过程中的关键时刻进行记录和刺激。然而，“何事”和“如何”的问题在很大程度上仍未解决：就正常功能而言，我们尚不知道各种前额叶症状意味着什么，并且才刚刚开始了解单个前额叶神经元是如何行动和相互作用的。如果有人利用那些关于前额叶生理学的假设的扩展版本，即认为这些结构既非纯粹的感觉功能也非纯粹的运动功能，而是将它们视为“伴随放电”的来源，借此生物体为自身行动的预期后果预设其感觉系统，那么在这些问题上可能会取得进展。
