Grosjean F
J Psycholinguist Res. 1979 Jul;8(4):379-405. doi: 10.1007/BF01067141.
A comparative analysis of the time variables in the production of speech and sign reveals that signers modify their global physical rate primarily by altering the time they spend articulating, whereas speakers do so by chaning the time they spend pausing. When signers increase or decrease their pause time, however little they do so, they alter the number and the length of the pauses equally, whereas speakers primarily alter the number of pauses and leave their pause durations relatively constant. An analysis of the durations of signs reveals that signs are longer at the end of sentences than within sentences and that the first occurrence of a sign is longer than the second when syntactic location is controlled (both these findings have already been reported for spoken language). The inherent duration of a sign can be accounted for almost totally by the movement characteristic; handshape, location, and number of hands in a sign are of little importance. Finally, signers retain their regular "quiet-breathing" respiratory pattern across signing rates and inhale at locations independent of syntactic importance. In this they are quite unlike speakers, who breathe at syntactic breaks.
对言语和手语产生过程中的时间变量进行的比较分析表明，手语者主要通过改变发音所花费的时间来调整其整体身体动作速度，而说口语者则通过改变停顿所花费的时间来做到这一点。然而，当手语者增加或减少他们的停顿时间时，无论变化多么微小，他们会同等程度地改变停顿的次数和时长，而说口语者主要改变停顿的次数，并使停顿时长相对保持不变。对手语时长的分析表明，句子结尾处的手语比句子内部的手语更长，并且在句法位置得到控制的情况下，首次出现的手语比第二次出现的更长（这两个发现对于口语也已有报道）。手语的固有时长几乎完全可以由动作特征来解释；手语中的手型、位置和手的数量重要性不大。最后，手语者在不同的手语速度下保持其规律的“平静呼吸”呼吸模式，并且在与句法重要性无关的位置吸气。在这方面，他们与说口语者截然不同，说口语者在句法停顿处呼吸。
