Lempers J D
J Genet Psychol. 1979 Sep;135(1st Half):93-102. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10533420.
The production of pointing, the understanding of pointing and the comprehension of another's line of regard was investigated in 36 male and female infants 9-, 12-, and 14-months-old. Production of pointing was present in eight out of twelve 12-month-olds and in eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds; only a few of the youngest Ss pointed. For the youngest infants comprehension of pointing was a function of the distance between the person pointing and the object pointed to. All 12-and 14-month-old children comprehended the pointing to a nearby object and most of them also understood the pointing to a distant object. Ten out of twelve 12-month-olds and eleven out of twelve 14-month-olds were able to tell where another person was looking if both the cues of movement and orientation of the head and the eyes were present; their performance was less perfect with only the cue of orientation present or with only the eyes moving. Never more than three out of the twelve youngest Ss succeeded on any of these percept-diagnosis tasks.
对36名9个月、12个月和14个月大的男婴和女婴进行了关于指示动作的产生、对指示动作的理解以及对他人视线方向的理解的研究。12个月大的12名婴儿中有8名出现了指示动作，14个月大的12名婴儿中有11名出现了指示动作；最年幼的受试婴儿中只有少数会指示。对于最年幼的婴儿来说，对指示动作的理解取决于指示者与所指物体之间的距离。所有12个月和14个月大的儿童都能理解指向附近物体的指示动作，并且他们中的大多数也能理解指向远处物体的指示动作。12个月大的12名婴儿中有10名、14个月大的12名婴儿中有11名能够在头部和眼睛的运动及方向线索都存在的情况下说出另一个人在看哪里；当只有方向线索存在或只有眼睛移动时，他们的表现就没那么好了。在最年幼的12名受试婴儿中，在这些感知诊断任务中，任何一项任务成功的人数都从未超过3人。
