Speizer F E
Environ Health Perspect. 1983 Jan;47:33-42. doi: 10.1289/ehp.834733.
The epidemiological data linking air pollution and lung cancer are derived from statistical associations concerning rates of cancer among urban and rural residents, migrant studies and studies of occupational groups exposed to effluents from fossil fuel combinations. Few, if any of these studies, are adequately adjusted for both relatively simple measures of cigarette smoking or the potentially more subtle effects of the duration of smoking. Because urbanization and industrial sources of air pollution correspond chronologically with the major increases in cigarette smoking, it is not likely that the specific attributable risk to each component can be adequately assessed. Interactions between cigarette smoking and specific air pollutants, similar to those seen between cigarette smoking and asbestos and or radiation, may be occurring. Considering the various estimates made over the last 25 years, it is likely that the effect of air pollution on lung cancer is something greater than zero; however, it is unlikely that the estimate exceeds 2% of all lung cancers or 5/100,000 cases in urban males. Thus, the effect on all cancers is likely to be less than 1% of all cases.
将空气污染与肺癌联系起来的流行病学数据，来源于有关城乡居民癌症发病率的统计关联、移民研究以及对接触化石燃料组合排放物的职业群体的研究。这些研究中，即便有也很少对吸烟这种相对简单的指标，或吸烟时长可能产生的更细微影响进行充分校正。由于城市化和空气污染的工业来源在时间上与吸烟的大幅增加相对应，因此不太可能充分评估每种因素的具体归因风险。吸烟与特定空气污染物之间可能正在发生相互作用，类似于吸烟与石棉或辐射之间的相互作用。考虑到过去25年所做的各种估计，空气污染对肺癌的影响可能大于零；然而，这一估计不太可能超过所有肺癌病例的2%，或城市男性中每10万例中的5例。因此，对所有癌症的影响可能不到所有病例的1%。
