Belsky J
Child Dev. 1984 Feb;55(1):83-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00275.x.
This essay is based on the assumption that a long-neglected topic of socialization, the determinants of individual differences in parental functioning, is illuminated by research on the etiology of child maltreatment. Three domains of determinants are identified (personal psychological resources of parents, characteristics of the child, and contextual sources of stress and support), and a process model of competent parental functioning is offered on the basis of the analysis. The model presumes that parental functioning is multiply determined, that sources of contextual stress and support can directly affect parenting or indirectly affect parenting by first influencing individual psychological well-being, that personality influences contextual support/stress, which feeds back to shape parenting, and that, in order of importance, the personal psychological resources of the parent are more effective in buffering the parent-child relation from stress than are contextual sources of support, which are themselves more effective than characteristics of the child.
儿童虐待病因学的研究揭示了一个长期被忽视的社会化主题，即父母教养功能个体差异的决定因素。确定了三个决定因素领域（父母的个人心理资源、儿童的特征以及压力和支持的背景来源），并在分析的基础上提供了一个胜任父母教养功能的过程模型。该模型假定，父母教养功能是由多种因素决定的；背景压力和支持源可以直接影响养育方式，或者首先通过影响个体心理健康来间接影响养育方式；个性影响背景支持/压力，进而反馈影响养育方式；而且，按重要性排序，父母的个人心理资源在缓冲亲子关系免受压力方面比背景支持源更有效，而背景支持源本身比儿童的特征更有效。
