Shupe J L
J Anim Sci. 1980 Sep;51(3):746-58. doi: 10.2527/jas1980.513746x.
Cattle normally ingest variable low-level amounts of fluorides with no known adverse effects, but when excessive amounts are ingested, adverse effects are induced. Several sources may contribute to the total fluoride intake. The many recognized factors that influence structural and functional responses of animals to fluorides are cited. Signs and lesions of fluoride toxicosis in cattle have been characterized. Major fluorotic lesions occur in the permanent teeth and in the bones. Dental lesions occur when excessive amounts of fluoride are ingested during the period of tooth formation and calcification. Bone effects can be induced at any time during an animal's life. A table relating structural changes and functional processes in cattle of various ages has been compiled as a guide for diagnosing and evaluating fluoride toxicosis. Recommended fluoride tolerance levels for cattle have been established. Prevention and control of fluoride toxicosis in cattle can be accomplished when the nature of the disease is realized; the symptomatology, lesions and pathogenesis are properly interpreted, correlated and evaluated; and the source(s) of excessive fluorides are eliminated.
牛通常摄入少量且含量不定的氟化物，未发现有不良影响，但当摄入过量时，就会引发不良反应。总氟摄入量可能来自多个来源。文中列举了许多公认的影响动物对氟化物结构和功能反应的因素。牛氟中毒的症状和病变已得到描述。主要的氟中毒病变发生在恒牙和骨骼中。在牙齿形成和钙化期间摄入过量氟化物时会出现牙齿病变。在动物生命的任何阶段都可能引发骨骼效应。已编制了一张表格，列出不同年龄牛体内的结构变化和功能过程，作为诊断和评估氟中毒的指南。已确定了牛的推荐氟耐受水平。当认识到该病的性质，正确解释、关联和评估症状、病变及发病机制，并消除过量氟化物的来源时，就可以预防和控制牛的氟中毒。
