Helsing K J, Szklo M, Comstock G W
Am J Public Health. 1981 Aug;71(8):802-9. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.8.802.
A non-concurrent prospective study in Washington County, Maryland identified 4,032 (1,204 male, 2,828 female) White persons aged 18 and over who were enumerated in a 1963 non-official census and who became widowed between 1963 and 1974, and an equal number of married persons, each matched to a widowed as to race, sex, year of birth and geography of residence. All were followed to 1975, the date of a second census. Mortality rates based on person-years at risk were about the same for widowed as for married females, but significantly higher for male widowed than male married, even after adjustment for a number of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. Mortality rates among widowed males who remarried were very much lower than among those who did not remarry, but no significant difference was observable among widowed females who did nor did not remarry. Multiple regression analysis also showed that, for both sexes and independently of other factors, moving into a nursing home or other chronic care facility was associated with higher mortality than any other residential change or no change, and living alone was associated with higher mortality than living with someone else in the household.
在马里兰州华盛顿县进行的一项非同期前瞻性研究，确定了4032名（1204名男性，2828名女性）18岁及以上的白人。这些人在1963年的一次非官方人口普查中被统计在内，并且在1963年至1974年间丧偶，同时还确定了同等数量的已婚人士，每组在种族、性别、出生年份和居住地理位置方面与丧偶者进行匹配。所有人员均被随访至1975年第二次人口普查之日。基于风险人年计算的死亡率，丧偶女性与已婚女性大致相同，但丧偶男性的死亡率显著高于已婚男性，即使在对一些人口统计学、社会经济和行为变量进行调整之后也是如此。再婚的丧偶男性的死亡率远低于未再婚的丧偶男性，但在再婚和未再婚的丧偶女性之间未观察到显著差异。多元回归分析还表明，对于男女两性而言，且独立于其他因素之外，搬入养老院或其他长期护理机构与比任何其他居住变化或无变化更高的死亡率相关，独居与比与家庭中的其他人一起生活更高的死亡率相关。
