Christianson R E, van den Berg B J, Milkovich L, Oechsli F W
Am J Public Health. 1981 Dec;71(12):1333-41. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.12.1333.
The incidence of congenital anomalies at birth and accumulated to five years is presented for live-born children in a large prospective study. Congenital anomalies are not all diagnosable at birth; our data demonstrate that the incidence rate increases approximately three-and-one-halffold for Blacks and approximately fivefold for Whites between six days of age and five years of age. The incidence of congenital anomalies at birth was higher among Black children than White children, but there were no notable differences between the groups in incidence accumulated to age five years. At five years, the incidence rate of severe and moderate (but not trivial) congenital anomalies amounted to 15 per cent; for severe congenital anomalies, 4 per cent. Severe congenital anomalies diagnosed through age five years were observed to have a much higher incidence among children who weighted 2500 gm or less at birth than among those who were heavier.
在一项大型前瞻性研究中，报告了活产儿出生时及累计至五岁时先天性异常的发病率。并非所有先天性异常在出生时都可诊断；我们的数据表明，黑人从出生六天到五岁时发病率增加约3.5倍，白人为约5倍。黑人儿童出生时先天性异常的发病率高于白人儿童，但两组累计至五岁时的发病率无显著差异。五岁时，中重度（而非轻微）先天性异常的发病率为15%；重度先天性异常为4%。观察发现，五岁前诊断出的重度先天性异常在出生时体重2500克或以下的儿童中比体重较重的儿童发病率高得多。
