Nelson D L, Friedrich M A
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1980 Nov;6(6):717-31.
These experiments address the issue of how retrieval cues operate, and they focus on two problems of cuing research. The first concerns attempts to determine the useful limits of information residing in the cues themselves. Retrieval cues may be effective only because they provide direct information about the encoded trace or, alternatively, because they can be used to reconstruct encoded information outside of their immediate domains. The second problem concerns the nature of contextual cues appearing on the study trial and their relationship to what is encoded of spreading activation occurring on this trial. In these experiments, semantic and sensory set sizes of the target words were varied with recall cued by either the endings of the targets or by associatively related words. The targets were encoded without specific contextual cues, in the presence of associatively related context cues, or, finally, in the presence of rhyme-related context cues. The results suggest that retrieved information extends beyond the domain of features inherent in the test cue and that what is encoded in the study-trial activation is dependent on the nature of the context.
这些实验探讨了检索线索如何起作用的问题，并且聚焦于线索研究的两个问题。第一个问题涉及确定线索本身所包含信息的有效范围的尝试。检索线索可能仅因为它们提供了关于编码痕迹的直接信息而有效，或者，因为它们可用于在其直接范围之外重建编码信息而有效。第二个问题涉及在学习试验中出现的情境线索的性质以及它们与该试验中发生的扩散激活的编码内容的关系。在这些实验中，目标词的语义和感觉集大小通过目标词的词尾或相关联想词来提示回忆而发生变化。目标词在没有特定情境线索的情况下、在存在相关联想情境线索的情况下、或者最后在存在押韵相关情境线索的情况下进行编码。结果表明，检索到的信息超出了测试线索所固有的特征范围，并且学习试验激活中编码的内容取决于情境的性质。
