Schreiber T A, Nelson D L
Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1998 Sep;26(5):869-83. doi: 10.3758/bf03201170.
We investigated whether feeling-of-knowing judgments are influenced by the number of different neighboring concepts linked to the test cue in long-term memory as measured using association norms. The purpose was to evaluate contrasting predictions made by the partial-retrieval hypothesis and the competition hypothesis. The partial-retrieval hypothesis assumes the more neighboring concepts activated by the test cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. In contrast, the competition hypothesis assumes that feelings of knowing are sensitive to competition between neighboring concepts, and it predicts that the fewer neighboring concepts activated by the cue, the higher the feeling of knowing. The findings were compatible with the competition hypothesis showing that both feeling-of-knowing and prediction-of-knowing ratings always were higher, the fewer different concepts were linked to the test cue. We obtained an identical pattern of results using different kinds of cues including taxonomic category names, ending sounds, and meaningfully related associates. We consider different ways that these findings could be reconciled with the partial-retrieval hypothesis, and we also discuss implications for other explanations of feeling-of-knowing effects.
我们研究了知晓感判断是否会受到长期记忆中与测试线索相联系的不同相邻概念数量的影响，这一数量是通过联想规范来衡量的。目的是评估部分检索假设和竞争假设所做出的对比预测。部分检索假设认为，测试线索激活的相邻概念越多，知晓感就越高。相反，竞争假设认为，知晓感对相邻概念之间的竞争很敏感，并且预测线索激活的相邻概念越少，知晓感就越高。研究结果与竞争假设相符，表明与测试线索相联系的不同概念越少，知晓感和知晓预测评分就总是越高。我们使用包括分类类别名称、结尾音和有意义相关联想词在内的不同类型线索获得了相同的结果模式。我们考虑了这些发现与部分检索假设相调和的不同方式，并且还讨论了对知晓感效应其他解释的影响。
