Caspi A, Henry B, McGee R O, Moffitt T E, Silva P A
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
Child Dev. 1995 Feb;66(1):55-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00855.x.
We assessed relations between early temperament and behavior problems across 12 years in an unselected sample of over 800 children. Temperament measures were drawn from behavior ratings made by examiners who observed children at ages 3, 5, 7, and 9. Factor analyses revealed 3 dimensions at each age: Lack of Control, Approach, and Sluggishness. Temperament dimensions at ages 3 and 5 were correlated in theoretically coherent ways with behavior problems that were independently evaluated by parents and teachers at ages 9 and 11, and by parents at ages 13 and 15. Lack of Control was more strongly associated with later externalizing behavior problems than with internalizing problems; Approach was associated with fewer internalizing problems among boys; and Sluggishness was weakly associated with both anxiety and inattention, especially among girls. Lack of Control and Sluggishness were also associated with fewer adolescent competencies. These results suggest that early temperament may have predictive specificity for the development of later psychopathology.
我们在一个由800多名儿童组成的未经过筛选的样本中，评估了12年间早期气质与行为问题之间的关系。气质测量来自于检查人员在儿童3岁、5岁、7岁和9岁时对其进行观察后所做出的行为评级。因素分析显示，每个年龄段都有三个维度：缺乏自控力、趋近性和迟缓性。3岁和5岁时的气质维度与9岁和11岁时由父母和教师独立评估、以及13岁和15岁时由父母评估的行为问题，在理论上以连贯的方式相关。缺乏自控力与后期的外化行为问题的关联比与内化问题的关联更强；趋近性与男孩中较少的内化问题相关；迟缓性与焦虑和注意力不集中都有较弱的关联，尤其是在女孩中。缺乏自控力和迟缓性也与较少的青少年能力相关。这些结果表明，早期气质可能对后期精神病理学的发展具有预测特异性。
