Roberts J W, Dickey P
Engineering Plus Inc., Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995;143:59-78. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2542-3_3.
This review summarizes occurrence and exposure studies for pollutants in house dust and related indoor air exposures. A standard sampling method and control methods to reduce these exposures are discussed, including recommendations for future research. Infants and toddlers receive a broad and significant range of exposures to lead, pesticides, PAHs, allergens, and VOCs in house dust and indoor air. Carpet dust in eight Columbus and nine Seattle homes contained concentrations of potentially carcinogenic PAHs ranging from 3 to 290 micrograms/g, of lead from 250 to 2250 micrograms/g, and of PCBs from 210 to 1900 ng/g. Dust collected from ten used sofas in Seattle averaged 16.3, 37.2, and 229 micrograms/g for dust mite allergen, cat allergen, and lead, respectively; dust samples showed mutagenic activity. Biological and chemical pollutants in indoor dust and air have been associated with lead poisoning, cancer, allergy, asthma, damage to the nervous system, and sick building symptoms. The 11% of toddlers who have pica tend to have the highest exposures and risks. Further, the exposure of toddlers to lead via the dust pathway can be greater than by other routes. Standard method ASTM 5438.94 for sampling house dust has been used to characterize current and chronic exposure of toddlers in epidemiological studies. The accumulation of dust, dust mites, and tracked-in soil in old carpets, sofas, and mattresses appears to be a major source of exposure to lead, pesticides, allergens, PAHs, and VOCs. Remodeling and energy conservation can reduce ventilation and increase relative humidity, dust, dust mites, molds, VOCs, and other indoor air pollutants. The U.S. faces large and increasing costs from asthma and allergy. Asthma incidence in the U.S. has increased from 0.5% in 1930 to 8%-12% in 1991. Asthma hospitalization rates for children are increasing at the rate of 4%/yr in the U.S. and 14%/yr in Seattle. Such hospital visits would be rare with effective diagnosis, patient education, and control of home exposures. Asthma was estimated to cost $6.2 billion in 1990; hospital visits of children in Seattle cost $2,526,000 in 1993. Forty percent of the U.S. population has been sensitized to allergens; one in three homes has high relative humidity, which favors dust mites, molds, allergies, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. Reducing indoor allergens can reduce costs, severity, and the risk of being sensitized and developing allergic disease. Use of volunteer Master Home Environmentalists to do free in-home surveys and education in Seattle may reduce immediate health costs from allergens as well as long-term risks from lead, carcinogens, and home chemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
本综述总结了室内灰尘中污染物的发生情况及暴露研究，以及相关的室内空气暴露情况。讨论了一种标准采样方法和减少这些暴露的控制方法，包括对未来研究的建议。婴儿和幼儿会广泛且大量地接触室内灰尘和空气中的铅、农药、多环芳烃、过敏原和挥发性有机化合物。哥伦布市八户家庭和西雅图市九户家庭的地毯灰尘中，潜在致癌多环芳烃的浓度范围为3至290微克/克，铅浓度为250至2250微克/克，多氯联苯浓度为210至1900纳克/克。从西雅图市十个二手沙发上收集的灰尘中，尘螨过敏原、猫过敏原和铅的平均含量分别为16.3、37.2和229微克/克；灰尘样本显示出致突变活性。室内灰尘和空气中的生物及化学污染物与铅中毒、癌症、过敏、哮喘、神经系统损伤和病态建筑症状有关。有异食癖的11%幼儿往往接触量和风险最高。此外，幼儿通过灰尘途径接触铅的量可能大于通过其他途径。标准方法ASTM 5438.94已用于在流行病学研究中表征幼儿当前和长期的暴露情况。旧地毯、沙发和床垫中灰尘、尘螨和带入室内的土壤堆积似乎是接触铅、农药、过敏原、多环芳烃和挥发性有机化合物的主要来源。房屋改造和节能措施会减少通风，增加相对湿度、灰尘、尘螨、霉菌、挥发性有机化合物和其他室内空气污染物。美国面临着因哮喘和过敏而不断增加的巨大成本。美国哮喘发病率已从1930年的0.5%增至1991年的8% - 12%。美国儿童哮喘住院率以每年4%的速度增长，西雅图则为每年14%。若能有效诊断、对患者进行教育并控制家庭暴露，此类住院情况将会很少见。据估计，1990年哮喘造成的损失为62亿美元；1993年西雅图儿童的住院费用为252.6万美元。美国40%的人口对过敏原敏感；三分之一的家庭相对湿度较高，这有利于尘螨、霉菌滋生，引发过敏、哮喘及其他呼吸道疾病。减少室内过敏原可降低成本、减轻症状，并降低致敏和患过敏性疾病的风险。在西雅图，利用志愿家庭环境专家进行免费的家庭调查和教育，可能会降低因过敏原导致的即时健康成本，以及铅、致癌物和家用化学品带来的长期风险。（摘要截选至400字）
