Morphological analyses of NADPH-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase positive structures in human visual cortex.

Human visual cortex was studied using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry. Large, strongly stained, sparsely spined non-pyramidal cells (average soma diameter: 16 x 16 microns) occur in layers II-VI, but are commonest in layers II-III. Small weakly stained multipolar cells (average soma diameter 3.6 x 4 microns, stellate like cells) in layers II-VI are concentrated in layer IV of areas 17 and 18. The density of these cells, measured with a computer assisted microscopy system is less in area 18 than 17. Large, strongly stained, predominantly horizontal cells (average soma diameter 12 x 19 microns) are localized in the underlying white matter. Axons of the large, strongly NADPH-diaphorase positive cells are thin and unbranched with fine boutons. These axons ascend to layer I. The large, strongly stained cells in layers II-VI we identify as Martinotti neurons. In layer I parallel unbranched positive fibres with some fine boutons run horizontally and build dense axonal plexuses together with the axons of Martinotti neurons. Axons of presumed extrinsic origin are morphologically different from NADPH-diaphorase positive intrinsic fibres. They show thick varicosities running in different directions and forming a network in layers III-VI. Basket like formations of these fibres were frequently observed in layers IV, V and VI. Other fibres seem to innervate blood vessels. Nitric oxide synthase was also demonstrated immunohistochemically by a polyclonal rabbit nitric oxide synthase antiserum. The morphology and distribution of the immunostained cells correspond with those seen with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Double labelling experiments confirm the colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in all demonstrated cells. Immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein has shown that astrocytes are not involved in the NADPH-diaphorase/NOS system in the human visual cortex.