Keddy C J, Greene J C, Bonnell M A
Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-2302, USA.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1995 Apr;30(3):221-51. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1995.1027.
Whole organism bioassays for the assessment of soil, freshwater sediment, and freshwater quality were evaluated for their application in the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites in Canada under the National Contaminated Sites Remediation Program. Using 3 essential and 12 desirable methodological criteria, bioassays were categorized as currently usable, prototype, or under development. Based on further considerations related to bioassay application, a battery of usable screening and definitive tests was recommended (with suggestions for augmentation) for each medium. Of the 18 bioassays reviewed for soil quality assessment, 6 were usable, 5 were prototypes, and 7 were under development. Battery screening and definitive tests included 14-day Eisenia andrei survival, 120-hr lettuce and radish seedling emergence, and 72-hr Selenastrum capricornutum growth inhibition. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: soil/freshwater bacterial growth, arthropod reproduction, earthworm reproduction, and reproduction of other soil-dependent organisms. Of the 9 bioassays reviewed for freshwater sediment quality assessment, 1 was usable, 2 were prototypes, and 6 were under development. Three bioassays in the latter two groups were considered usable with the imminent completion of research underway. Screening tests selected included 10-day Chironomus tentans survival, 10-day Hyalella azteca survival, 10-day Hexagenia spp. survival, and 72-hr S. capricornutum growth inhibition. Definitive tests included screening tests, substituting 28-day H. azteca sexual maturation for 10-day survival. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: sediment/freshwater bacterial test, 28-day Tubifex tubifex reproduction, and rooted aquatic plant growth. Of the 25 bioassays considered for freshwater quality assessment, 8 were usable, 7 were prototypes, and 10 were under development. Screening tests selected included 72-hr S. capricornutum growth inhibition; 48-hr Daphnia sp. survival, and 5- and 15-min Photobacterium phosphoreum bioluminescence. Definitive tests included first screening test, 7-day Ceriodaphnia dubia, 7-day fathead minnow larval survival, or 96-hr rainbow trout survival. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: Brachionus calyciflorus 24-hr survival, 48-hr reproduction; freshwater bacterial growth; and aquatic vascular plant growth.
根据加拿大国家污染场地修复计划，对用于评估土壤、淡水沉积物和淡水质量的全生物测定法在加拿大污染场地评估和修复中的应用进行了评估。利用3项基本方法标准和12项理想方法标准，将生物测定法分为当前可用型、原型或正在开发型。基于与生物测定法应用相关的进一步考虑，针对每种介质推荐了一系列可用的筛选和确定性测试（并给出了扩充建议）。在审查的18种用于土壤质量评估的生物测定法中，6种可用，5种为原型，7种正在开发。筛选和确定性测试包括14天的安德爱胜蚓存活、120小时的生菜和萝卜幼苗出土以及72小时的羊角月牙藻生长抑制。建议用以下生物测定法进行扩充：土壤/淡水细菌生长、节肢动物繁殖、蚯蚓繁殖以及其他依赖土壤的生物的繁殖。在审查的9种用于淡水沉积物质量评估的生物测定法中，1种可用，2种为原型，6种正在开发。后两组中的3种生物测定法随着正在进行的研究即将完成被认为可用。选定的筛选测试包括10天的摇蚊存活、10天的阿氏摇蚊存活、10天的六须蜉属存活以及72小时的羊角月牙藻生长抑制。确定性测试包括筛选测试，用28天的阿氏摇蚊性成熟替代10天的存活。建议用以下生物测定法进行扩充：沉积物/淡水细菌测试、28天的颤蚓繁殖以及水生维管束植物生长。在考虑用于淡水质量评估的25种生物测定法中，8种可用，7种为原型，10种正在开发。选定的筛选测试包括72小时的羊角月牙藻生长抑制；48小时的水蚤存活以及5分钟和15分钟的费氏弧菌生物发光。确定性测试包括首次筛选测试、7天的短尾秀体溞、7天的黑头呆鱼幼体存活或96小时的虹鳟存活。建议用以下生物测定法进行扩充：萼花臂尾轮虫24小时存活、48小时繁殖；淡水细菌生长；以及水生维管束植物生长。
