Leggett R W, Williams L R
Health Sciences Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6480, USA.
Health Phys. 1995 Aug;69(2):187-201. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199508000-00003.
As part of the revision of the Reference Man model of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), we have reviewed and reanalyzed available data on blood flow and in previous publications have proposed reference values for total and regional blood volumes, total cardiac output, and the distribution of cardiac output. In this paper we unify these proposed features of the revised Reference Man within the framework of a dynamic blood circulation model and show how the model can be used to predict the distribution of decays of short-lived radionuclides after injection or absorption into blood. The total blood volume is partitioned into the blood contents of 24 separate organs or tissues, right heart chambers, left heart chambers, pulmonary circulation, arterial outflow to the systemic tissues (aorta and large arteries), and venous return from the systemic tissues (large veins). As a compromise between physical reality and computational simplicity, the circulation of blood is viewed as a system of first-order transfers between blood pools, but outflow from any given pool is delayed during the first pass of material through the circulation with the delay time depending on the mean transit time across the pool. The model can be used to predict the movement and gradual dispersal of a bolus of material in the circulation after intravascular injection. In contrast to the treatment of the circulation in ICRP Publication 53, Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals, the present model allows consideration of incomplete, tissue-dependent extraction of material during passage through the circulation and return of material from tissues to plasma.
作为国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）参考人模型修订工作的一部分，我们回顾并重新分析了有关血流的现有数据，并在之前的出版物中提出了全身和局部血容量、心输出量总量以及心输出量分布的参考值。在本文中，我们将修订后的参考人的这些特征统一在一个动态血液循环模型的框架内，并展示该模型如何用于预测注射或吸收到血液中的短寿命放射性核素衰变的分布。全身血容量被划分为24个独立器官或组织、右心腔、左心腔、肺循环、流向全身组织的动脉流出（主动脉和大动脉）以及来自全身组织的静脉回流（大静脉）的血液含量。作为物理现实与计算简便性之间的折衷，血液的循环被视为血池之间的一阶转移系统，但任何给定血池的流出在物质首次通过循环时会延迟，延迟时间取决于物质穿过该血池的平均转运时间。该模型可用于预测血管内注射后一团物质在循环中的移动和逐渐扩散。与ICRP第53号出版物《放射性药物对患者的辐射剂量》中对循环的处理不同，本模型允许考虑物质在通过循环过程中不完全的、依赖组织的摄取以及物质从组织返回血浆的情况。
