Taylor S E, Gollwitzer P M
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1563, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995 Aug;69(2):213-26. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.69.2.213.
S. E. Taylor and J. D. Brown's (1988) position that mentally healthy people exhibit positive illusions raises a dilemma: How do people function effectively if their perceptions are positively biased? Using Gollwitzer's deliberative-implemental mindset distinctiion, we assessed whether people in a deliberative mindset show less evidence of positive illusions than people in an implemental mindset. Participants completed a mindset task and assessments of mood, self-perceptions, and perceived (in)vulnerability to risk. Deliberation led to worsened mood, greater perceived risk, and poorer self-perceptions, relative to implementation; control (no mindset) participants typically scored in between. Study 3 demonstrated that the mindset manipulation corresponds to how people actually make decisions or implement them. Results suggest that people use relatively realistic thinking when setting goals and more positive thinking when implementing them.
S. E. 泰勒和J. D. 布朗（1988年）提出的心理健康的人会表现出积极错觉这一观点引发了一个困境：如果人们的认知存在积极偏差，他们如何有效地发挥功能？利用戈尔维策尔的深思熟虑 - 实施心态区分法，我们评估了处于深思熟虑心态的人是否比处于实施心态的人表现出更少的积极错觉证据。参与者完成了一项心态任务以及对情绪、自我认知和感知到的（不）易受风险影响程度的评估。与实施心态相比，深思熟虑心态导致情绪变差、感知到的风险更大以及自我认知更差；控制组（无心态）参与者的得分通常介于两者之间。研究3表明，心态操纵与人们实际做出决策或实施决策的方式相对应。结果表明，人们在设定目标时使用相对现实的思维，而在实施目标时使用更积极的思维。
