Clarkson P M, Haymes E M
Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Jun;27(6):831-43.
Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron are important to a wide variety of body functions, such as mineralization of bones, serving as cofactors to many enzyme systems, sustaining muscle and nerve excitation, and, in the case of iron, maintaining the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Many female athletes consume less calcium than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). This is of concern because of the need to achieve peak bone mass during adolescence and the possible relationship of poor calcium intake to stress fractures. Athletes appear to have adequate magnesium and phosphorus status. However, those athletes who are on calorie-restricted diets may not be ingesting sufficient quantities of magnesium and possibly phosphorus. Limited data have suggested that magnesium status is indirectly related to strength improvement as well as the incidence of muscle cramps. Acute ingestion of phosphorus (phosphate loading) has been shown to improve aerobic capacity. Iron depletion is common in female athletes but similar to the general population. Iron supplements are of health benefit, but of questionable performance benefit, to those who are iron depleted and nonanemic. To maintain optimal status of these minerals, it is recommended that nutrient rich foods be ingested including dairy products and foods high in heme iron.
钙、镁、磷和铁对多种身体功能都很重要，比如骨骼矿化、作为许多酶系统的辅助因子、维持肌肉和神经兴奋，就铁而言，还能维持血液的携氧能力。许多女运动员摄入的钙低于推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）。这令人担忧，因为在青春期需要达到峰值骨量，而且钙摄入量不足可能与应力性骨折有关。运动员的镁和磷状况似乎充足。然而，那些采用限制热量饮食的运动员可能没有摄入足够量的镁，甚至可能没有摄入足够量的磷。有限的数据表明，镁状况与力量提升以及肌肉痉挛的发生率间接相关。急性摄入磷（磷酸盐负荷）已被证明能提高有氧能力。铁缺乏在女运动员中很常见，但与普通人群类似。铁补充剂对缺铁且无贫血的人有健康益处，但对其运动表现的益处存疑。为维持这些矿物质的最佳状态，建议摄入富含营养的食物，包括乳制品和富含血红素铁的食物。
