Clarkson P M
Department of Exercise Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003.
J Sports Sci. 1991 Summer;9 Spec No:91-116. doi: 10.1080/02640419108729869.
This paper examines whether mineral supplements are necessary for athletes, and whether these supplements will enhance performance. Macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) and trace minerals (zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, and iron) are described. Calcium supplements are important for the health of bones. Athletes tend to have enhanced calcium status as assessed by bone mineral density, with the notable exception of female amenorrhoeic athletes. Magnesium status is adequate for most athletes, and there is no evidence that magnesium supplements can enhance performance. Phosphorus status is adequate for athletes. Phosphorus supplementation over an extended period of time can result in lowered blood calcium, however, some studies have shown that acute 'phosphate loading' will enhance performance. Athletes may have a zinc deficiency induced by poor diet and loss of zinc in sweat and urine. Limited data exist on the relationship of performance and zinc status. Widespread deficiencies in copper have not been documented, and there are no data to suggest that copper supplementation will enhance performance. There is no reason to suspect a selenium deficiency in athletes. The relationship between selenium status and performance has not been established, but selenium may play a role as an antioxidant. Because of the low intakes of chromium for the general population, there is a possibility that athletes may be deficient. Exercise may create a loss in chromium because of increased excretion into the urine. Many athletes, particularly female, are iron depleted, but true iron deficiencies are rare. Iron depletion does not affect exercise performance but iron deficiency anaemia does. Iron supplements have not been shown to enhance performance except where iron deficiency anaemia exists. In conclusion, poor diets are perhaps the main reason for any mineral deficiencies found in athletes, although in certain cases exercise could contribute to the deficiency. Mineral supplementation may be important to ensure good health, but few studies have definitively documented any beneficial effect of mineral supplementation on performance.
本文探讨了矿物质补充剂对运动员是否必要，以及这些补充剂是否能提高运动表现。文中描述了常量矿物质（钙、镁和磷）和微量矿物质（锌、铜、硒、铬和铁）。钙补充剂对骨骼健康很重要。通过骨矿物质密度评估，运动员的钙状况往往有所改善，但女性闭经运动员是明显的例外。大多数运动员的镁状况良好，没有证据表明补充镁能提高运动表现。运动员的磷状况良好。然而，长期补充磷会导致血钙降低，不过一些研究表明，急性“磷酸盐负荷”会提高运动表现。运动员可能因饮食不佳以及汗液和尿液中锌的流失而缺锌。关于运动表现与锌状况之间关系的数据有限。尚未有普遍缺铜的记录，也没有数据表明补充铜能提高运动表现。没有理由怀疑运动员缺硒。硒状况与运动表现之间的关系尚未确立，但硒可能作为抗氧化剂发挥作用。由于普通人群铬摄入量较低，运动员有可能缺乏铬。运动可能会因尿液排泄增加而导致铬流失。许多运动员，尤其是女性，存在铁储备不足的情况，但真正的缺铁情况很少见。铁储备不足不会影响运动表现，但缺铁性贫血会。除了存在缺铁性贫血的情况外，铁补充剂尚未被证明能提高运动表现。总之，不良饮食可能是运动员出现矿物质缺乏的主要原因，不过在某些情况下运动也可能导致缺乏。补充矿物质对于确保良好健康可能很重要，但很少有研究明确记录矿物质补充剂对运动表现有任何有益影响。
