Stein P R
Pediatr Nurs. 1995 Mar-Apr;21(2):119-23.
The methodologic study addressed the validity of subjective, physiologic, behavioral, and maternal indicators of pain intensity among 149 preschoolers who received immunizations at four clinics in the Southwest. Instruments used to measure children's responses included the Global Mood Scale (GMS) to measure anxiety, apical heart rate to measure physiologic response, the Wong and Baker Faces Scale to measure psychologic response, and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) to measure behavioral response. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure mothers' perceptions of their children's pain. Results demonstrated correlations ranging between r = .27 to r = .44, p < .01 among the child's physiologic response to pain, the child's behavioral activity, and the mother's perception of pain. Correlations ranged from r = .26 to r = .30, p < .01, n = 144 among the child's verbal report of pain as measured by the Faces Scale, the mother's perception of pain, and the child's behavioral activity. The child's behavioral activity, mother's perception, and change in heart rate correlated positively with the child's anxiety. Children discriminated between anxiety and pain using the Faces Scale. More than one method may be required to fully assess the pain intensity experience by young children.
这项方法学研究探讨了149名在西南部四家诊所接受免疫接种的学龄前儿童疼痛强度的主观、生理、行为和母亲指标的有效性。用于测量儿童反应的工具包括用于测量焦虑的总体情绪量表（GMS）、用于测量生理反应的心率、用于测量心理反应的面部表情量表（Wong和Baker面部表情量表）以及用于测量行为反应的东安大略儿童医院疼痛量表（CHEOPS）。视觉模拟量表（VAS）用于测量母亲对孩子疼痛的感知。结果表明，儿童对疼痛的生理反应、儿童的行为活动和母亲对疼痛的感知之间的相关性在r = 0.27至r = 0.44之间，p < 0.01。通过面部表情量表测量的儿童疼痛言语报告、母亲对疼痛的感知和儿童的行为活动之间的相关性在r = 0.26至r = 0.30之间，p < 0.01，n = 144。儿童的行为活动、母亲的感知和心率变化与儿童的焦虑呈正相关。儿童使用面部表情量表区分焦虑和疼痛。可能需要不止一种方法来全面评估幼儿经历的疼痛强度。
