Crouter A C, Manke B A, McHale S M
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State University, University Park 16802, USA.
Child Dev. 1995 Apr;66(2):317-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00873.x.
This longitudinal study of 144 young adolescents (ages 9-11 at phase 1) examined the hypothesis that boys and girls would experience increased "gender-differential socialization" across a 1-year period in early adolescence, and that such patterns would be stronger in families in which (a) parents maintained a traditional division of labor, and (b) there was a younger sibling of the opposite gender. Longitudinal analyses of 3 aspects of family socialization (adolescents' participation in "feminine" and "masculine" household chores; adolescents' involvement in dyadic activities with mothers and fathers; parental monitoring) revealed that gender intensification was apparent for some aspects of family socialization but not others. In addition, when gender intensification was apparent, it generally emerged in some family contexts but not in others. Only dyadic parent-adolescent involvement was characterized by an overall pattern of gender intensification in which girls became increasingly involved with their mothers and boys with their fathers; this pattern was exacerbated in contexts where adolescents had a younger, opposite-sex sibling.
这项针对144名青少年（第一阶段年龄在9至11岁）的纵向研究检验了以下假设：在青春期早期的一年时间里，男孩和女孩会经历更多的“性别差异社会化”，而且在以下家庭中这种模式会更明显：（a）父母维持传统的劳动分工；（b）有一个异性的弟弟或妹妹。对家庭社会化三个方面的纵向分析（青少年参与“女性化”和“男性化”家务；青少年与父母的二元活动参与度；父母监督）显示，性别强化在家庭社会化的某些方面很明显，但在其他方面则不然。此外，当性别强化明显时，它通常出现在某些家庭环境中，而不是其他环境中。只有二元亲子参与呈现出总体的性别强化模式，即女孩与母亲的互动越来越多，男孩与父亲的互动越来越多；在青少年有一个年幼的异性兄弟姐妹的情况下，这种模式会加剧。
