Steptoe A, Wardle J, Smith H, Kopp M, Skrabski A, Vinck J, Zotti A M
Department of Psychology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, UK.
Addiction. 1995 Apr;90(4):571-82. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90457111.x.
Information concerning tobacco smoking was obtained in a survey of 16,483 students aged 18-30 years from 21 European countries. Belief in the benefits to health of not smoking were also assessed. Risk awareness was measured in terms of knowledge of the links between smoking and disease. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of smoking was 33.1% in men and 29.0% in women, but wide variations were observed across country samples. Significant sex differences were found in only a minority of cases. The inclusion of respondents who stated that they had sometimes smoked in the past substantially reduced variations in prevalence across country samples. Beliefs in the health benefits of not smoking were consistently associated with smoking behaviour. Awareness of the link between smoking and lung cancer was uniformly high, but awareness of the role of smoking in heart disease varied considerably across country samples, and averaged only 64.4% in men and 62.9% in women. In the majority of countries, risk awareness was greater among smokers than non-smokers. The results suggest that in this selected sector of the population of young adults in Europe, sex differences in smoking are relatively minor, robust associations between attitudes and smoking behaviour can be identified, and there are major gaps in risk awareness.
在一项针对来自21个欧洲国家的16483名18至30岁学生的调查中，获取了有关吸烟的信息。还评估了对不吸烟有益健康的信念。风险意识通过对吸烟与疾病之间联系的了解程度来衡量。经年龄调整后的总体吸烟率男性为33.1%，女性为29.0%，但不同国家样本间存在很大差异。仅在少数情况下发现了显著的性别差异。纳入那些表示过去有时吸烟的受访者后，大幅减少了不同国家样本间患病率的差异。对不吸烟有益健康的信念始终与吸烟行为相关。对吸烟与肺癌之间联系的认知普遍较高，但不同国家样本中对吸烟在心脏病中作用的认知差异很大，男性平均仅为64.4%，女性为62.9%。在大多数国家，吸烟者的风险意识高于不吸烟者。结果表明，在欧洲这一选定的年轻成年人群体中，吸烟的性别差异相对较小，可以确定态度与吸烟行为之间存在紧密关联，并且在风险意识方面存在重大差距。
