Greenwald A G, Banaji M R
Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
Psychol Rev. 1995 Jan;102(1):4-27. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4.
Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.
社会行为通常被视为受有意识控制（如果并非总是经过深思熟虑的话）处于意识控制之下。然而，现在有大量证据支持这样一种观点，即社会行为常常以一种隐性或无意识的方式运作。隐性认知的显著特征是过去的经验以一种行为者无法通过内省知晓的方式影响判断。目前的结论——即态度、自尊和刻板印象具有重要的隐性运作模式——扩展了社会心理学这些主要理论建构的结构效度和预测效用。在方法论上，本综述呼吁更多地使用间接测量方法——这在隐性认知研究中是必不可少的。隐性刻板印象理论上的普遍性与那些明确否认偏见的人存在歧视的近期研究结果相一致。隐性认知效应往往会因将判断者的注意力集中在其判断任务上而减弱，这一发现为评估旨在减少此类无意歧视的应用（如平权行动）提供了依据。
