Niedenthal P M, Tangney J P, Gavanski I
Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Oct;67(4):585-95. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.67.4.585.
The role of counterfactual thinking in 2 emotions--shame and guilt--was examined. In 1 series of studies, Ss read about situations evocative of shame and guilt or described personal experiences of guilt or shame. They then generated counterfactual alternatives to "undo" the distressing outcomes. Consistent with predictions derived from Tangney (1991), Ss tended to undo shame situations by altering qualities of the self and to undo guilt situations by altering actions. In a 2nd series of studies, Ss imagined themselves in a situation that could evoke either guilt or shame. Ss were then led to mutate the self or behavior to undo the situation. Mutation manipulations amplified shame and guilt such that the former Ss anticipated feeling greater shame, whereas the latter anticipated feeling greater guilt. The role of counterfactual thinking in specific emotions and in differentiating shame- and guilt-prone personalities is discussed.
研究了反事实思维在两种情绪——羞耻和内疚——中的作用。在一系列研究中，受试者阅读了唤起羞耻和内疚情绪的情境描述，或描述了自己的内疚或羞耻经历。然后，他们生成反事实的替代方案，以“消除”令人痛苦的结果。与唐尼（1991年）得出的预测一致，受试者倾向于通过改变自身特质来消除羞耻情境，通过改变行为来消除内疚情境。在另一系列研究中，受试者想象自己处于一个可能引发内疚或羞耻的情境中。然后引导受试者改变自我或行为以消除该情境。改变操作增强了羞耻和内疚感，使得前者受试者预计会感到更强烈的羞耻，而后者预计会感到更强烈的内疚。讨论了反事实思维在特定情绪以及区分易产生羞耻和内疚人格方面的作用。
