Baldwin Kim M, Baldwin John R, Ewald Thomas
Lincoln Pastoral Counseling Services, IL, USA.
Am J Psychother. 2006;60(1):1-21. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2006.60.1.1.
The perception of the self has been one of the fundamental constructs in psychotherapy, with attention devoted to shame, guilt, and, more recently, one's perception of ability to influence a situation-that is, self-efficacy; however, the relationship between these constructs merits scholarly attention. In the present study, researchers analyze the survey responses of 194 college students to determine relationships between shame and guilt as measured by the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA 3, Tangney & Dearing, 2002), and self-efficacy as measured by the general and social self-efficacy scales (by Sherer, Maddux, Mercandante, Prentice-Dunn, Jacobs, & Rogers, 1982). Results support a hypothesis that higher shame scores were related to reduced self-efficacy; however, scores did not reveal a significant correlation between guilt and self-efficacy. Post-hoc analyses suggest some differences based on gender and private-versus-public school setting. The researchers draw theoretical and counseling implications from the findings.
自我认知一直是心理治疗中的基本概念之一，人们关注羞耻感、内疚感，以及最近出现的个人对影响某种情况的能力的认知，即自我效能感；然而，这些概念之间的关系值得学界关注。在本研究中，研究人员分析了194名大学生的调查回复，以确定通过自我意识情感测试（TOSCA 3，唐尼和迪尔宁，2002年）测量的羞耻感和内疚感之间的关系，以及通过一般和社会自我效能量表（谢勒、马德克斯、梅尔坎丹特、普伦蒂斯 - 邓恩、雅各布斯和罗杰斯，1982年）测量的自我效能感之间的关系。结果支持了一个假设，即较高的羞耻感得分与较低的自我效能感相关；然而，得分并未显示出内疚感与自我效能感之间存在显著相关性。事后分析表明，基于性别以及私立学校与公立学校的环境存在一些差异。研究人员从这些发现中得出了理论和咨询方面的启示。
