O'Toole A J, Deffenbacher K A, Valentin D, Abdi H
School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75083-0688.
Mem Cognit. 1994 Mar;22(2):208-24. doi: 10.3758/bf03208892.
The other-race effect was examined in a series of experiments and simulations that looked at the relationships among observer ratings of typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, memorability, and the performance variables of d' and criterion. Experiment 1 replicated the other-race effect with our Caucasian and Japanese stimuli for both Caucasian and Asian observers. In Experiment 2, we collected ratings from Caucasian observers on the faces used in the recognition task. A Varimax-rotated principal components analysis on the rating and performance data for the Caucasian faces replicated Vokey and Read's (1992) finding that typicality is composed of two orthogonal components, dissociable via their independent relationships to: (1) attractiveness and familiarity ratings and (2) memorability ratings. For Japanese faces, however, we found that typicality was related only to memorability. Where performance measures were concerned, two additional principal components dominated by criterion and by d' emerged for Caucasian faces. For the Japanese faces, however, the performance measures of d' and criterion merged into a single component that represented a second component of typicality, one orthogonal to the memorability-dominated component. A measure of face representation quality extracted from an autoassociative neural network trained with a majority of Caucasian faces and a minority of Japanese faces was incorporated into the principal components analysis. For both Caucasian and Japanese faces, the neural network measure related both to memorability ratings and to human accuracy measures. Combined, the human data and simulation results indicate that the memorability component of typicality may be related to small, local, distinctive features, whereas the attractiveness/familiarity component may be more related to the global, shape-based properties of the face.
在一系列实验和模拟中研究了异族效应，这些实验和模拟考察了观察者对典型性、熟悉度、吸引力、可记忆性的评分以及d' 和标准等绩效变量之间的关系。实验1使用白种人和日本人的刺激材料，对白种人和亚洲观察者重复了异族效应。在实验2中，我们收集了白种人观察者对识别任务中使用的面孔的评分。对白人面孔的评分和绩效数据进行的方差最大化旋转主成分分析重复了沃基和里德（1992年）的发现，即典型性由两个正交成分组成，可通过它们与以下方面的独立关系分离：（1）吸引力和熟悉度评分，以及（2）可记忆性评分。然而，对于日本面孔，我们发现典型性仅与可记忆性相关。在绩效测量方面，白人面孔出现了另外两个分别由标准和d' 主导的主成分。然而，对于日本面孔，d' 和标准的绩效测量合并为一个单一成分，该成分代表典型性的第二个成分，与以可记忆性为主导的成分正交。从一个用大多数白种人面孔和少数日本面孔训练的自联想神经网络中提取的面孔表征质量测量值被纳入主成分分析。对于白种人和日本面孔，神经网络测量值既与可记忆性评分有关，也与人类准确性测量值有关。综合起来，人类数据和模拟结果表明，典型性的可记忆性成分可能与小的、局部的、独特的特征有关，而吸引力/熟悉度成分可能更多地与面孔的整体、基于形状的属性有关。
