Toyokawa H, Nishikawa H
Department of Public Health, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 1994 Jun;49(2):606-15. doi: 10.1265/jjh.49.606.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are allocated to each food article as published in the Denmark Budget Methods in the Codex Alimentalius of the WHO/FAO Joint Committee when standards of pollutants in food are needed. When daily intakes of Food Additives and Contaminants need to be calculated, the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake. (TMDI) and the Estimated Maximum Daily Intake (EMDI) have been generally used. TMDI and EMDI are calculated using the formulae shown below: [formula: see text] i: food article (i = 1, ....., n) A: standard value for food additives and contaminants X: mean weight of food article consumed daily l: rate of residue after cooking Exposure assessment should be more exact in order to meet social health needs and to help avoid unnecessarily strict regulations. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is continually improving its estimates of the dietary intakes of pesticides and essential minerals, and comparing these intakes with established safe or recommended dietary intake levels. Dietary survey methods have also improved in parallel, with examples being the USDA's Household Food Consumption Survey (1955 and 1965) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (1976-1980). In Japan, TMDI and EMDI have received more attention as methods of estimating the daily intakes of food additives and contaminants than has the Total Diet Study, even though the former are not as exact as the latter. The Japanese National Nutrition Survey is one of the most respected nutrition surveys in the world, because it has continued nationwide yearly since 1946. Nevertheless, it is very unfortunate that no one utilizes the Household Food Consumption Survey data for the estimation of intakes of food additives and contaminants, because that is not the primary purpose of the Japanese National Nutrition Survey. Practically, there are neither foods which have an uniform of food additives and contaminants nor individuals who consume uniform amounts of each food item. In this report the authors propose a revised estimation method for the daily intake of food contaminants and additives, based on food consumption data of 159 female volunteers, without using the National Nutrition Survey data. The results obtained are as follows: 1) This method succeeded in making clear the intakes of food additives and contaminants. Mean, maximum and minimum values and distribution curves for the target population were obtained. 2) The suggested name for this method is "Estimated Ecological Daily Intake (EEDI)", which is processed in terms of the food consumption structure for calculation, and methodologically estimated by food ecology.
当需要食品中的污染物标准时，会按照世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织联合委员会《食品法典》中丹麦预算方法所公布的内容，为每种食品分配推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）。在计算食品添加剂和污染物的每日摄入量时，通常会使用理论最大每日摄入量（TMDI）和估计最大每日摄入量（EMDI）。TMDI和EMDI使用以下公式计算：[公式：见原文]i：食品（i = 1，.....，n）；A：食品添加剂和污染物的标准值；X：每日食用的食品平均重量；l：烹饪后的残留率。为了满足社会健康需求并避免不必要的严格规定，暴露评估应该更加精确。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）不断改进其对农药和必需矿物质膳食摄入量的估计，并将这些摄入量与既定的安全或推荐膳食摄入水平进行比较。膳食调查方法也在同步改进，例如美国农业部的家庭食品消费调查（1955年和1965年）以及国家健康和营养检查调查II（1976 - 1980年）。在日本，与总膳食研究相比，TMDI和EMDI作为估计食品添加剂和污染物每日摄入量方法受到了更多关注，尽管前者不如后者精确。日本全国营养调查是世界上最受尊敬的营养调查之一，因为自1946年以来它每年都在全国范围内持续进行。然而，非常不幸的是，没有人利用家庭食品消费调查数据来估计食品添加剂和污染物的摄入量，因为这不是日本全国营养调查的主要目的。实际上，既没有含有统一食品添加剂和污染物的食品，也没有食用每种食品量都相同的个体。在本报告中，作者基于159名女性志愿者的食品消费数据，提出了一种修订后的食品污染物和添加剂每日摄入量估计方法，而未使用全国营养调查数据。得到的结果如下：1）该方法成功明确了食品添加剂和污染物的摄入量。获得了目标人群的平均值、最大值和最小值以及分布曲线。2）该方法建议的名称是“估计生态每日摄入量（EEDI）”，它根据食品消费结构进行处理以进行计算，并从食品生态学角度进行方法学估计。
