Midgley G, Moore M K, Cook J C, Phan Q G
Department of Medical Mycology, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Sep;31(3 Pt 2):S68-74. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81272-8.
Cases of onychomycosis represent up to 30% of diagnosed superficial fungal infections and are caused by three groups of fungi: dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophytic molds. The majority of toenail infections are caused by dermatophytes; Trichophyton rubrum is isolated with the greatest frequency. In infections of fingernails, Candida species can be isolated as frequently as the dermatophytes. Of the molds, Scytalidium species can infect both fingernails and toenails, as well as adjacent skin, and represent 3% of the nail infections in a temperate country such as the United Kingdom but a much higher proportion in tropical countries. Other molds such as Scopulariopsis, Acremonium, and Aspergillus species can infect damaged nails. The isolation of a dermatophyte is always considered indicative of infection, but the presence of other molds, which may be aerial contaminants, must be interpreted with care.
甲癣病例占已确诊浅表真菌感染的30%，由三组真菌引起：皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性霉菌。大多数趾甲感染由皮肤癣菌引起；红色毛癣菌的分离频率最高。在指甲感染中，念珠菌属的分离频率与皮肤癣菌相当。在霉菌中，帚霉属可感染指甲和趾甲以及相邻皮肤，在英国这样的温带国家占指甲感染的3%，但在热带国家所占比例要高得多。其他霉菌如帚霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属可感染受损指甲。皮肤癣菌的分离始终被视为感染的指征，但其他霉菌的存在（可能是空气污染物）必须谨慎解读。
