Stampi C
Institute for Circadian Physiology, Cambridge, MA 02140.
J Clin Pharmacol. 1994 May;34(5):518-34. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1994.tb04996.x.
This paper presents a detailed critical review of the knowledge accumulated in the last three decades concerning research on sleep, work-rest schedules, and circadian rhythms in space. The focus of the paper is preceded by a brief review of the basic principles of the human circadian system and the physiology of the sleep-wake cycle, relevant to understanding the problem of astronaut work-rest scheduling. Much of what is known is based on anecdotal reports, mission log books, and debriefing of astronauts after flights. The broad literature reviewed, which includes studies from American and Soviet space missions, as well as some studies conducted under simulated weightlessness, offers just a handful of objective studies on the physiology of sleep and circadian rhythms in space. Nevertheless, the data are remarkably consistent, and indicate that sleep can be of reasonably good quality in space. The risk of sleep loss and associated performance degradation appears to be a manageable one. However, one clear conclusion arises from this review: whatever the type of mission of flight plan, its success will depend on whether the principles of circadian and sleep-wake regulation have been taken into account during the planning phase of work-rest schedules. That is, satisfactory sleep and alertness is more likely to occur if crews maintain a reasonable (i.e., constant) relation with their normal terrestrial rhythm. This is not as easy a task as it may appear; indeed, unexpected, high-intensity operational demands have been the major cause of acute problems of sleep loss and performance degradation in space. Moreover, the growing complexity of space missions indicate that emergencies will never disappear. Therefore, one of the most important research challenges for future space missions is the development of strategies that could permit astronauts to function closest to maximal efficiency during intensive and prolonged work. Countermeasures for optimizing astronaut performance, as well as other factors affecting sleep and performance in space, are reviewed and discussed in detail in this paper.
本文对过去三十年中积累的有关太空睡眠、工作休息时间表和昼夜节律研究的知识进行了详细的批判性综述。在本文重点内容之前，先简要回顾了与理解宇航员工作休息时间表问题相关的人体昼夜节律系统的基本原理以及睡眠 - 觉醒周期的生理学。目前已知的很多内容都基于轶事报告、任务日志以及飞行后对宇航员的汇报。所综述的广泛文献，包括来自美国和苏联太空任务的研究，以及一些在模拟失重条件下进行的研究，关于太空睡眠和昼夜节律生理学的客观研究仅有少数几项。然而，数据非常一致，表明太空睡眠质量可以相当不错。睡眠不足及相关性能下降的风险似乎是可控的。然而，本次综述得出一个明确结论：无论飞行计划的任务类型如何，其成功将取决于在工作休息时间表的规划阶段是否考虑了昼夜节律和睡眠 - 觉醒调节原则。也就是说，如果机组人员与他们正常的地球节律保持合理（即恒定）的关系，更有可能获得令人满意的睡眠和警觉性。这并非像看起来那么容易；实际上，意外的高强度操作需求一直是太空睡眠不足和性能下降急性问题的主要原因。此外，太空任务日益复杂表明紧急情况永远不会消失。因此，未来太空任务最重要的研究挑战之一是制定策略，使宇航员在高强度和长时间工作期间能最接近最大效率地运作。本文详细综述并讨论了优化宇航员性能的对策以及其他影响太空睡眠和性能的因素。
