Schlesinger H J
New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10011.
Bull Menninger Clin. 1994 Winter;58(1):15-36.
Ordinary intellectual capacities can be used for defensive as well as adaptive purposes. The author focuses on how a particular aspect of the intellect--language skills--can serve defensive functions. Using clinical examples, he examines how the defense "mechanism" of isolation operates through the use of common verbal formulas, through the deletion or substitution of conjunctions, through vagueness and indefinite reference. Other expressions of isolation include shifting emphasis away from what is important, excessive generalizing, and the development of an elliptical private language. He concludes with a discussion of how clinicians can learn both to listen to the patient empathically and to recognize and work with these defensive operations.
普通智力能力既可以用于防御目的，也可以用于适应性目的。作者重点关注智力的一个特定方面——语言技能——如何发挥防御功能。通过临床实例，他研究了隔离的“防御机制”是如何通过使用常见的言语套式、通过连词的省略或替换、通过模糊性和不确定指代来运作的。隔离的其他表现形式包括将重点从重要的事情上转移开、过度概括以及发展一种省略式的私人语言。他最后讨论了临床医生如何学会既能共情地倾听患者，又能识别并应对这些防御性操作。
