Keysar B
Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, IL 60637.
Cogn Psychol. 1994 Apr;26(2):165-208. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1994.1006.
Subjects read scenarios where a speaker made a comment that, depending on information that was privileged to the subjects, could have been interpreted as sarcastic or not sarcastic. Their task was to take the perspective of an uninformed addressee and determine whether he or she would perceive sarcasm. Overall, when subjects believed that the speaker was actually being sarcastic they were more likely to attribute the perception of sarcasm to the addressee--even when the message was conveyed in writing and could not have involved disambiguating cues such as intonation. Data from four different experiments suggest that readers do use information that is perspective-irrelevant and thus pose a problem for theories of language use that assume readers only use "relevant" information.
受试者阅读一些场景，其中说话者发表了一条评论，根据受试者所知晓的信息，这条评论可能被理解为讽刺，也可能不被理解为讽刺。他们的任务是从不知情的听话者的角度出发，判断听话者是否会察觉到讽刺意味。总体而言，当受试者认为说话者实际上是在讽刺时，他们更有可能将讽刺的感知归因于听话者——即使信息是以书面形式传达的，并且不可能涉及诸如语调等消除歧义的线索。来自四项不同实验的数据表明，读者确实会使用与视角无关的信息，因此对于那些假定读者只使用“相关”信息的语言使用理论来说，这是一个问题。
