Eccles J S, Midgley C, Wigfield A, Buchanan C M, Reuman D, Flanagan C, Iver D M
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106-1248.
Am Psychol. 1993 Feb;48(2):90-101. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.48.2.90.
Although most individuals pass through adolescence without excessively high levels of "storm and stress," many do experience difficulty. Why? Is there something unique about this developmental period that puts adolescents at risk for difficulty? This article focuses on this question and advances the hypothesis that some of the negative psychological changes associated with adolescent development result from a mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by their social environments. It provides examples of how this mismatch develops in the school and in the home and how it is linked to negative age-related changes in early adolescents' motivation and self-perceptions. Ways in which more developmentally appropriate social environments can be created are discussed.
尽管大多数人在青春期不会经历过高程度的“风暴与压力”，但许多人确实会遇到困难。为什么呢？这个发育阶段是否存在某些独特之处，使青少年面临困难的风险？本文聚焦于这个问题，并提出一个假说：与青少年发育相关的一些负面心理变化，是由于发育中的青少年的需求与他们社会环境所提供的机会之间不匹配所致。文中给出了这种不匹配在学校和家庭中如何产生的例子，以及它如何与青少年早期动机和自我认知中与年龄相关的负面变化相联系。还讨论了创造更适合发育阶段的社会环境的方法。
