Barrett-Lennard G T
Murdoch University, Australia.
Br J Med Psychol. 1993 Mar;66(1):3-14. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01722.x.
Interpersonal empathy is a subtle and multisided phenomenon which can, nevertheless, lend itself to systematic portrayal and investigation. This paper further refines the author's account of empathy as involving a sequence of distinct steps or phases. Freshly introduced here is the idea of empathic response not only to self-experience but also towards relationships conceived as emergent living wholes with their own felt presence and individuality. Given described preconditions for empathy, three main phases in a complete empathic process are distinguished: reception and resonation by the listener; expressive communication of this responsive awareness by the empathizing person; and the phase of received empathy, or awareness of being understood. The phases are not a single closed system, thus do not occur in lock step and are semi-autonomous in practice. Responding empathically to relationship systems (existing as 'we' or 'us' to the participants and as a joint 'you' to others) may be interwoven with empathic response to individual 'I' experience. Although differing in focus, the empathic process follows the same phasic course in both cases. An underlying view is that individual selves are only one of the forms human life takes; other forms include relationships, families and living communities.
人际共情是一种微妙且多面的现象，不过，它能够被系统地描述和研究。本文进一步完善了作者关于共情的阐述，即共情包含一系列不同的步骤或阶段。这里新提出的观点是，共情反应不仅针对自我体验，还针对被视为具有自身可感知的存在和个性的新兴生活整体的关系。鉴于所描述的共情前提条件，一个完整的共情过程可分为三个主要阶段：倾听者的接收与共鸣；共情者对这种反应性意识的表达性沟通；以及被接收的共情阶段，即被理解的意识。这些阶段并非一个单一的封闭系统，因此不会按部就班地出现，在实践中具有半自主性。对关系系统（对参与者而言以“我们”或“我们的”形式存在，对他人而言以共同的“你们”形式存在）的共情反应可能与对个体“我”的体验的共情反应相互交织。尽管侧重点不同，但在这两种情况下，共情过程都遵循相同的阶段进程。一种基本观点是，个体自我只是人类生活呈现的形式之一；其他形式包括关系、家庭和生活社区。
