Richters J E, Martinez P
Child and Adolescent Disorders Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD 20857.
Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):7-21. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1993.11024617.
The 1980s witnessed an extraordinary increase in community violence in most major cities across the United States. In 1990 the homicide rate in Boston increased by 45% over the previous year; in Denver, by 29%; in Chicago, Dallas, and New Orleans, by more than 20%; in Los Angeles, by 16%; in New York, by 11%. In Washington, DC, which has the highest per capita homicide rate in the country, the 1990 murder rate set an all time record in the District's history (Escobar 1991). Across the country, 1 out of 5 teenage and young adult deaths was gun related in 1988 - the first year in which firearm death rates for both Black and White teenagers exceeded the total for all natural causes of death combined. Also in 1988, the firearm homicide rate for young Black males increased by 35%, and Black male teens were 11 times more likely than their White counterparts to be killed by guns (Christofel 1990).
20世纪80年代，美国大多数主要城市的社区暴力事件激增。1990年，波士顿的凶杀率比上一年增长了45%；丹佛增长了29%；芝加哥、达拉斯和新奥尔良增长超过20%；洛杉矶增长了16%；纽约增长了11%。在人均凶杀率居全国之首的华盛顿特区，1990年的谋杀率创下了该特区历史的最高纪录（埃斯科瓦尔，1991年）。1988年，在全美范围内，五分之一的青少年和青年死亡与枪支有关——这是黑人青少年和白人青少年的枪支死亡率首次超过所有自然死亡原因总和的一年。同样在1988年，年轻黑人男性的枪支凶杀率上升了35%，黑人男性青少年死于枪支的可能性是白人男性青少年的11倍（克里斯托费尔，1990年）。
