Sulkowski H A, Wu A H, McCarter Y S
Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA.
J Forensic Sci. 1995 Nov;40(6):990-3.
Driving while under the influence of alcohol (DUI) can lead to serious injuries to the intoxicated driver and surrounding individuals, in addition to revocation or suspension of driving privileges. The accuracy and interpretation of the testing procedures may be compromised if an individual's urine contains sugar, and either bacteria or yeast. Under these conditions, ethanol can be produced in vitro, producing a result that may be erroneously indicative of DUI. In this study three yeast species and six bacterial species were added to a blank urine sample devoid of any alcohol or sugar. Samples were incubated at 0, 25, and 35 degrees C for 24, 48, and 144 hours in the presence of one of four different sugars. Ethanol concentrations were assayed using an enzymatic alcohol dehydrogenase assay. Results showed that when glucose was used as a substrate, all yeast species (Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida sp. not albicans) and three bacterial species (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis) were capable of producing ethanol while the other three (Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. not aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were not. The rate of ethanol production is temperature dependent and can be inhibited by storage of samples at 0 degrees C or the use of approximately 1% sodium fluoroide as an antimicrobial agent. Many of these species were also able to use other substrates (sucrose, fructose, and galactose) to produce ethanol by fermentation.
酒后驾车（DUI）不仅会导致醉酒司机本人和周围人员受重伤，还会导致驾驶特权被吊销或暂停。如果一个人的尿液中含有糖分以及细菌或酵母，检测程序的准确性和解读可能会受到影响。在这些情况下，乙醇可在体外产生，从而得出可能错误指示酒后驾车的结果。在本研究中，将三种酵母菌种和六种细菌菌种添加到不含任何酒精或糖分的空白尿液样本中。样本在四种不同糖分之一存在的情况下，于0、25和35摄氏度下分别孵育24、48和144小时。使用酶促乙醇脱氢酶测定法测定乙醇浓度。结果表明，当使用葡萄糖作为底物时，所有酵母菌种（白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和非白色念珠菌）和三种细菌菌种（肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌）都能够产生乙醇，而其他三种（肠球菌属、非金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌）则不能。乙醇的产生速率取决于温度，可通过将样本储存在0摄氏度或使用约1%的氟化钠作为抗菌剂来抑制。许多这些菌种还能够利用其他底物（蔗糖、果糖和半乳糖）通过发酵产生乙醇。
