Strömberg U, Schütz A, Skerfving S
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
Occup Environ Med. 1995 Nov;52(11):764-9. doi: 10.1136/oem.52.11.764.
To study the potential impact of environmental exposure to petrol lead, residential area, age, sex, and lead exposing hobby, on blood lead concentrations (BPb) in children.
In the south of Sweden, yearly from 1978-94, BPb was measured in 1230 boys and 1211 girls, aged between 3 and 19 (median 10; quartiles 9 and 12) years.
For the samples of 1978, the geometric mean (GM) was 67 (range 30-250) micrograms/l in boys and 53 (18-161) micrograms/l in girls, whereas the corresponding GMs for 1994 were 27 (12-122) and 23 (12-97) micrograms/l. The sex difference was present only in children over eight. Moreover, residential area affected BPb; in particular, children living near a smelter area had raised BPbs. There was a clear ecological relation between BPb (adjusted GM) and annual lead quantity in petrol sold in Sweden, which was estimated to be 1637 tonnes in 1976 and 133 tonnes in 1993 (P < 0.001, ecological linear regression analysis, where a two year lag of petrol lead was applied). In the 171 boys and 165 girls who were sampled twice with an interval of one to four years, the decreases in BPb were estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 4%-8%) and 10% (8%-13%)/year, respectively.
The present report points out the considerable beneficial effect of the gradual banning of petrol lead on the lead exposure affecting the population and differential sex specific BPb patterns due to a pronounced age effect in girls, which may be caused by older girls' lower food intake per kg of body weight, lower lung ventilation, cleaner life style, and loss of blood lead through menstrual bleedings.
研究环境接触汽油铅、居住地区、年龄、性别以及铅暴露爱好对儿童血铅浓度（BPb）的潜在影响。
在瑞典南部，于1978年至1994年期间，每年对1230名年龄在3至19岁（中位数10岁；四分位数间距为9岁和12岁）的男孩以及1211名女孩测量血铅浓度。
1978年样本中，男孩血铅浓度几何均值（GM）为67（范围30 - 250）微克/升，女孩为53（18 - 161）微克/升；而1994年相应的几何均值分别为27（12 - 122）和23（12 - 97）微克/升。仅在8岁以上儿童中存在性别差异。此外，居住地区影响血铅浓度；特别是居住在冶炼厂附近的儿童血铅浓度升高。血铅浓度（校正几何均值）与瑞典每年销售的汽油铅含量之间存在明显的生态关系，据估计1976年为1637吨，1993年为133吨（P < 0.001，生态线性回归分析，采用汽油铅含量两年滞后）。在间隔1至4年进行两次采样的171名男孩和165名女孩中，血铅浓度下降估计分别为每年6%（95%置信区间4% - 8%）和10%（8% - 13%）。
本报告指出逐步禁止汽油铅对影响人群的铅暴露具有显著的有益效果，以及由于女孩明显的年龄效应导致的性别特异性血铅浓度差异模式，这可能是由于年龄较大的女孩每千克体重食物摄入量较低、肺通气量较低、生活方式更清洁以及通过月经失血导致血铅流失。
