Sliney D H
Chief Laser Branch, US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5422, USA.
J Photochem Photobiol B. 1995 Nov;31(1-2):69-77. doi: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07171-5.
There is currently some degree of controversy as to the magnitude of cataract and other ocular diseases related to human lifetime exposure to UV radiation (UVR). Concerns about the depletion of stratospheric ozone and the related increase in terrestrial UVR exposure have emphasized the importance of resolving this controversy. A careful study of ocular exposure to environmental sunlight demonstrates that it is not simple to determine accurately the level of solar UVR exposure of the human eye. Past attempts to measure or calculate UVR exposure of the eye have generally relied on the measurement of ambient UVR in sunlight with global monitors. Unfortunately, such attempts have seldom assessed properly the large role of ground reflection, the horizon sky contribution, the degree of lid opening and the extreme lateral component of UVR incident on the eye. A series of recent ocular dosimetry studies are described which have considered all of these factors. In addition, the value of different types of eye protection is shown to vary widely depending on the frame design. The dosimetry studies can be confirmed by a biological dosimeter--the human cornea. Because the action spectrum and threshold for human photokeratitis are well defined, the living cornea can serve as a biological dosimeter for ocular exposure.
目前，关于白内障及其他与人类一生暴露于紫外线辐射（UVR）相关的眼部疾病的严重程度存在一定程度的争议。对平流层臭氧消耗及地面紫外线辐射暴露相应增加的担忧凸显了解决这一争议的重要性。对眼部暴露于环境阳光的仔细研究表明，准确确定人眼的太阳紫外线辐射暴露水平并非易事。过去测量或计算眼部紫外线辐射暴露的尝试通常依赖于用全球监测器测量阳光中的环境紫外线辐射。不幸的是，此类尝试很少恰当地评估地面反射、地平线天空贡献、眼睑张开程度以及入射到眼睛的紫外线辐射的极端侧向分量所起的巨大作用。本文描述了一系列近期的眼部剂量学研究，这些研究考虑了所有这些因素。此外，不同类型的眼部防护的价值因镜框设计而异。剂量学研究可以通过一种生物剂量计——人角膜来证实。由于人类光角膜炎的作用光谱和阈值已明确界定，活体角膜可作为眼部暴露的生物剂量计。
