Goss D A, Wickham M G
School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington 47405, USA.
Doc Ophthalmol. 1995;90(4):341-75. doi: 10.1007/BF01268122.
The very common ocular clinical ocular condition in children juvenile onset myopia results from axial elongation of the eye. In humans, some studies have found an association of myopia with greater levels of nearpoint activity and with differences in accommodation and convergence function. This paper reviews a variety of laboratory and clinical studies which are consistent with the hypothesis that retinal image defocus is biochemically transformed into an axial elongation expressed through increased posterior segment growth, and thus myopia. This paper also reviews theories of emmetropization, and classifies them as correlational, feedback, and combination. Evidence is presented to suggest that a combination theory, which combines both correlation of the ocular dioptric components and some feedback mechanism for growth of the eye, is the most correct. Current laboratory research suggests that quality and/or focus (defocus) of retinal imagery is involved in this feedback mechanism and that experimentally induced myopia might be enhanced, reduced or eliminated by pharmaceutical application. Direction of defocus may affect the rate of posterior segment growth, and thus the rate of ocular axial elongation.
儿童期常见的眼部临床病症——青少年近视，是由眼球轴长增加所致。在人类中，一些研究发现近视与较高水平的近点活动以及调节和集合功能差异有关。本文综述了各种实验室和临床研究，这些研究与以下假设一致：视网膜图像散焦通过后段生长增加而生化转化为轴长增加，进而导致近视。本文还综述了正视化理论，并将其分类为相关理论、反馈理论和组合理论。有证据表明，将眼屈光成分的相关性与眼球生长的某种反馈机制相结合的组合理论是最正确的。当前的实验室研究表明，视网膜图像的质量和/或聚焦（散焦）参与了这种反馈机制，并且实验性诱导的近视可能会通过药物应用得到增强、减轻或消除。散焦方向可能会影响后段生长速率，进而影响眼轴伸长速率。
