Briggs K T, Yoshida S H, Gershwin M E
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1996 Apr;23(2):145-55. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1996.0036.
There is increasing attention directed to the role of environmental pollutants in altering immune function. Only with the identification of the responsible environmental toxicants, and an understanding of their mechanisms of action, can we hope to treat immunotoxic injuries. This situation is exemplified by the exposure of wild birds to oil spills, the subsequent potential for direct toxicity from the oil, and the secondary toxicity of stress-induced immune modulation. Immunosuppressive mechanisms related to oil ingestion and handling stress are implicated in the morbidity and mortality of seabirds during care and following reentry into the wild. This does suggest that improvements in the treatment of these affected animals will enhance their survival and well-being. However, a survey of the literature shows that the implementation of better techniques are hampered by inadequate information on the immunological consequences of oil contact with seabirds. Marine oil pollution is a constant occurrence and will continue as long as oil and oil products are important commodities transported by sea routes. Among the numerous negative consequences of oil pollution are its effects on marine wildlife. There is much evidence that oil spills are responsible for massive seabird deaths. However, the constant, low level releases of petrochemicals probably contribute to the harmful effects of oil pollution on seabird populations. In an attempt to rectify the damage inflicted on seabirds by accidental oil discharge, rehabilitation centers are established for the cleaning and care of affected wildlife. Unfortunately, there is evidence that the ingestion of oil by preening and the handling stress undergone by birds in these centers lowers their ability to survive and reproduce following release to their native habitats. Although the reasons for this are unclear, there is the suggestion that both oil and handling will induce immunosuppressive mechanisms that ultimately predispose birds to infections and immune-mediated diseases, as well as reproductive, behavioral, and other problems. Thus, there are questions concerning the effectiveness of intervention measures currently being used in the rehabilitation of seabirds.
环境污染物在改变免疫功能方面所起的作用正受到越来越多的关注。只有识别出相关的环境毒物，并了解它们的作用机制，我们才有希望治疗免疫毒性损伤。野生鸟类接触石油泄漏事件就是一个例证，石油随后可能产生直接毒性，以及应激诱导的免疫调节的继发性毒性。与摄入石油和处理应激相关的免疫抑制机制与海鸟在护理期间以及重返野外后的发病和死亡有关。这确实表明，改善对这些受影响动物的治疗将提高它们的生存几率和健康水平。然而，一项文献调查显示，由于缺乏关于石油与海鸟接触的免疫学后果的充分信息，更好技术的实施受到了阻碍。海洋石油污染经常发生，只要石油和石油产品是通过海路运输的重要商品，这种污染就会持续存在。石油污染的众多负面影响中包括其对海洋野生动物的影响。有大量证据表明石油泄漏导致大量海鸟死亡。然而，石化产品持续的低水平排放可能也促成了石油污染对海鸟种群的有害影响。为了纠正意外石油排放对海鸟造成的损害，人们设立了康复中心来清理和照顾受影响的野生动物。不幸的是，有证据表明，在这些中心，鸟类通过梳理羽毛摄入石油以及经历处理应激，会降低它们在被放归原生栖息地后生存和繁殖的能力。尽管原因尚不清楚，但有人认为石油和处理应激都会诱导免疫抑制机制，最终使鸟类易患感染和免疫介导的疾病，以及出现生殖、行为和其他问题。因此，目前用于海鸟康复的干预措施的有效性存在疑问。
